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Knight of the Swan

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A tapestry of 1482 showing episodes from the Knight of the Swan story: At the bottom puppies are substituted for babies.

The story of the Knight of the Swan, or Swan Knight, is a medieval tale about a mysterious rescuer who comes in a swan-drawn boat to defend a damsel, his only condition being that he must never be asked his name.

The earliest versions, preserved in John of Alta Silva's Dolopathos) do not provide specific identity to this knight, but the Old French Crusade cycle of chansons de geste adapted it to make the Swan Knight (Le Chevalier au Cigne, first version around 1192) the legendary ancestor of Godfrey of Bouillon. The Chevalier au Cigne, also known as Helias, figures as the son of Orient of L'Islefort (or Illefort) and his wife Beatrix in perhaps the most familiar version, which is the one adopted for the late fourteenth century Middle English Cheuelere Assigne.[1] The hero's mother's name may vary from Elioxe (probably a mere echo of Helias) to Beatrix depending on the text, and in a Spanish version, she is called Isomberte.

At a later time, the German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach incorporated the swan knight Loherangrin into his Matter of Britain epic Parzival (first quarter of the 13th century). A German text, written by Konrad von Würzburg in 1257, also featured a Swan Knight without a name. Wolfram's and Konrad's texts were used to construct the libretto for Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin (Weimar 1850).[2]

Another example of the motif is Brangemuer, the knight who lay dead in a boat tugged by a swan, and whose adventure was taken up by Gawain's brother Guerrehet (Gareth or Gaheris) in the first Continuation to Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval.

Swan Children

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Origin: a hybrid story?

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The "Swan-Children" appears to have been originally separate from the Godfrey cycle and the Swan Knight story generally.[3] French scholar Gaston Paris identifies four groups of variants, which he classifies usually by the name of the mother of the swan children.[4] The tale in all variants resemble not only such chivalric romances as The Man of Law's Tale and Emaré, but such fairy tales as The Girl Without Hands.[5] It also bears resemblance to the fairy tale The Six Swans, where brothers transformed into birds are rescued by the efforts of their sister.[6]

Scholarship seems to agree with the possibility of a combination of narratives.[7][8][9] Geoffrey M. Myers defended that the "swan-children" tale (a narrative of probable Lotharingian origin) is an independent story due to the existence of variants collected from folk tradition,[10] which folklorist Joseph Jacobs considered to be a "well-known Continental folk-tale" (in regards to The Seven Swans (or Ravens)).[11] Thus, according to Sabine Baring Gould, the swan children tale was added to the Knight of the Swan to provide an explanation for the latter.[12]

Similarly, French scholar Gédeon Huet, complementing Gaston Paris's study on the tale, argued that Dolopathos reworked two folktales: "The Brothers Transformed into Birds" (future tale type ATU 451)[13] and "The Sisters Jealous of their Cadette" (future type ATU 707).[14]

German scholar Ernst Tegethoff [de] also claimed that the narrative was a combination of two parts: Genoveva or Calumniated Wife (of possible Germanic origin) and the story of a sister rescuing her brothers from an animal transformation (of possible Celtic origin).[15]

In the same vein, professor Anne E. Duggan remarked that the narrative seems to be a "hybrid story" that "fused" the theme of the Calumniated Wife, the Knight of the Swan, and the "Germanic fairy tale" about swan-children.[16] Dutch folklorist Jurjen van der Kooi was of the same opinion that Johannes "combined" three tales: type ATU 451, the story of the Swan Knight and the marriage between man and a "waterwoman" (which he calls "Melusine motif").[17]

Dolopathos

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Included in Johannes de Alta Silva's Dolopathos sive de Rege et Septem Sapientibus (ca. 1190), a Latin version of the Seven Sages of Rome is a story of the swan children which has served as a precursor to the poems of the Crusade cycle.[18] The tale was adapted into the French Li romans de Dolopathos by the poet Herbert.[19] The story is as follows:[18][20]

A nameless young lord becomes lost in the hunt for a white stag and wanders into an enchanted forest where he encounters a mysterious woman (clearly a swan maiden or fairy) in the act of bathing, while clutching a gold necklace. They fall instantly for each other and consummate their love. The young lord brings her to his castle, and the maiden (just as she has foretold) gives birth to a septuplet, six boys and a girl, with golden chains about their necks. But her evil mother-in-law swaps the newborn with seven puppies. The servant with orders to kill the children in the forest just abandons them under a tree. The young lord is told by his wicked mother that his bride gave birth to a litter of pups, and he punishes her by burying her up to the neck for seven years. Some time later, the young lord while hunting encounters the children in the forest, and the wicked mother's lie starts to unravel. The servant is sent out to search them, and find the boys bathing in the form of swans, with their sister guarding their gold chains. The servant steals the boys' chains, preventing them from changing back to human form, and the chains are taken to a goldsmith to be melted down to make a goblet. The swan-boys land in the young lord's pond, and their sister, who can still transform back and forth into human shape by the magic of her chain, goes to the castle to obtain bread to her brothers. Eventually the young lord asks her story so the truth comes out. The goldsmith was actually unable to melt down the chains, and had kept them for himself. These are now restored back to the six boys, and they regain their powers, except one, whose chain the smith had damaged in the attempt. So he alone is stuck in swan form. The work goes on to say obliquely hints that this is the swan in the Swan Knight tale, more precisely, that this was the swan “quod cathena aurea militem in navicula trahat armatum (that tugged by a gold chain an armed knight in a boat).”[18]

Crusade cycle: La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne

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The Knight of the Swan story appears in the Old French chansons de geste of the first Crusade cycle, establishing a legendary ancestry of Godfrey of Bouillon, who in 1099 became ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey loomed large in the medieval Christian imagination, and his shadowy genealogy became a popular subject for writers of the period.

The swan-children tale occurs in the first or La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne branch of the cycle. The texts can be classed into four versions, 1) Elioxe, 2) Beatrix, 3) an Elioxe-Beatrix composite, and 4) Isomberte. Of Isomberte no French copy survives, and it's known only from the Spanish Gran conquista de Ultramar.[21] (Gaston Paris also used a somewhat similar classification scheme for swan-children cognate tales which he refers to as Version I.[3])

Helias, Brabant (16th-century)

Elioxe follows the Dolopathos tale closest, but tells a courtlier version of the story,[21] replacing the young lord who becomes lost with King Lothair, a ruler from beyond Hungary and the maiden with Elioxe. Lothair loses his way and stops by a fountain, and while asleep, is tended by Elioxe who comes out of the woodworks of the mountains. King Lothair decides to wed her, despite his mother's protest. However Elioxe foretells her own death giving birth to seven children, and that one of the offspring shall be king of the Orient.

While Lothair is absent warring, the queen mother Matrosilie orders a servant to carry the children in two baskets and expose them in the forest, and prepares the lie that their mother gave birth to serpents and died from their bites. The servant however had left the children by the hermit's hut, so they survive, and seven years later are discovered by a greedy courtier named Rudemart. Allured by the gold chains the children are wearing, he obtains instruction from the queen mother to steal them, but failing to take account of their numbers, misses the chain belonging to the girl. The six boys bereft of the chains fly out in swan form, and their father Lothair issues an order of protection. The king's nephew tries to hunt one of the birds to please him, but the king in a fit hurls a gold basin which breaks. Matrosilie then provides one of the necklaces to make the repair. Eventually the truth is untangled through the sister of the swan siblings. All the boys regain human form but one. While other seek their own fortunes, one boy cannot part with his brother turned permanently into a swan, and becomes Swan Knight.[21]

In the Beatrix variants, the woman had taunted another woman over her alleged adultery, citing a multiple birth as proof of it, and was then punished with a multiple birth of her own.[22] In the Beatrix versions, the mother is also an avenging justice.[23] In the Isomberte variants, the woman is a princess fleeing a hated marriage.[22]

Swan Knight

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Version II involves the Swan Knight himself. These stories are sometimes attached to the story of the Swan Children, but sometimes appear independently, in which case no explanation of the swan is given. All of these describe a knight who appears with a swan and rescues a lady; he then disappears after a taboo is broken, but not before becoming the ancestor of an illustrious family.[24] Sometimes this is merely a brief account to introduce a descendant.[25] The second version of this tale is thought to have been written by the Norman trouvère Jean Renart.

In Brabant the name of the Knight of the Swan is Helias. It has been suggested that this connects him to the Greek solar god, Helios,[26] but the name is in fact a common variant of the name of the prophet Elijah, who nevertheless was connected to the Greek solar god by orthodox worship because of his association to Mount Horeb and a fire chariot.

Lohengrin postcard around 1900 by unknown artist

Lohengrin

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Main article: Lohengrin

In the early 13th century, the German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach adapted the Swan Knight motif for his epic Parzival. Here the story is attached to Loherangrin, the son of the protagonist Parzival and Condwiramurs, the queen of Pelrapeire. As in other versions Loherangrin is a knight who arrives in a swan-pulled boat to defend a lady, in this case Elsa of Brabant. They marry, but he must leave when she breaks the taboo of asking his name.

In the late 13th century, the poet Nouhusius (Nouhuwius) adapted and expanded Wolfram's brief story into the romance Lohengrin. The poet changed the title character's name slightly and added various new elements to the story, tying the Grail and Swan Knight themes into the history of the Holy Roman Empire.[27] In the 15th century an anonymous poet again took up the story for the romance Lorengel.[28] This version omits the taboo against asking about the hero's name and origins, allowing the knight and princess a happy ending.

In 1848, Richard Wagner adapted the tale into his popular opera Lohengrin, probably the work through which the Swan Knight story is best known today.[29]

Legacy

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A Hungarian version of the story was collected by Hungarian journalist Elek Benedek, with the title Hattyú vitéz, and published in a collection of Hungarian folktales (Magyar mese- és mondavilág).[30]

Hungarian ethnographer Gaál Károly [hu] and Austrian Slavicist Gerhard Neweklowsky [de] collected a Croatian language tale in Stinatz from informant Anna Sifkovits with the title Labudova dlvuojka (German: Die Schwanenfrau, English: "The Swan Maiden"). In this tale, a count finds a girl in the woods; she takes off her golden chain, becomes a swan and bathes in the lake. He marries the girl and she has three children, two boys and a girl, but her mother-in-law orders the children to be replaced by three dogs, taken to the forest and killed. The servant spares them, but abandons them in the woods. Some time later, their grandmother discovers the children are still alive and orders her servant to steal their golden chains, to trap them in swan form forever.[31]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Gibbs 1868, pp. i–ii
  2. ^ Jaffray 1910, p. 11
  3. ^ a b Hibbard, Laura A. (1963). Medieval Romance in England. New York: Burt Franklin. p. 239.
  4. ^ Hibbard 1963, p. 240
  5. ^ Schlauch, Margaret (1969). Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens. New York: Gordian Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780877520979.
  6. ^ Schlauch 1969, p. 80.
  7. ^ Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri (1913). Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm (in German). Vol. Erster Band (NR. 1–60). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 432. Das Märchen ["Die sechs Schwäne"] zeigt ein hohes Alter. Bereits im 12. Jahrhundert ward es mit der Sage vom Schwanritter, in die es ursprünglich nicht hineingehört, verbunden. [The fairy tale [of "The Six Swans"] is ancient. In the 12th century, it became connected to "The Swan Knight" legend, to which it did not originally belong.]
  8. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-520-03537-2. The story ["The Maiden who Seeks her Brothers"] has a long literary history. It was used as early as 1190 in the Dolopathos of Johannes de Alta Silva and it became connected with the legend of the Swan Knight.
  9. ^ Speed, Diane (1989). Medieval English Romances (2 ed.). Sydney: Dept. of English, University of Sydney. p. 151. The earliest recorded accounts of the Swan Children already associate them with the Swan Knight, but there seems to be no doubt that the story pre-existed in oral form as a Germanic folktale. Related tales have been collected by folklorists; and the earliest recorded accounts, which can be dated to within a fairly short time of each other, reveal a kind of diversity which is best explained by postulating some independent developments of a basic folktale together with literary adaptation as time went on.
  10. ^ Mickel & Nelson 1977, p. lxxxxi (Elioxe ed. Mickel Jr., Béatrix ed. Nelson)
  11. ^ Jacobs, Joseph. More Celtic fairy tales. New York: Putnam. 1895. pp. 221–222.
  12. ^ Baring-Gould, Sabine. Curious myths of the Middle Ages. London: Rivingtons. 1876. pp. 441-442.
  13. ^ "Die Erzählung von den Schwanenkindern stellt eine frühe Vorform von AaTh/ATU 451 "Mädchen sucht seine Brüder dar" [The Tale of the Swan Children is an early form of ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers"]. Ehrismann, Otfrid. "Schwan(en)ritter" [Swan Knight]. In: Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2007]. p. 299. https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.12.070
  14. ^ Huet, Gédeon. "Sur quelques formes de la légende du Chevalier au Cygne". In: Romania XXXIV, 1905. pp. 207–208.
  15. ^ Tegethoff, Ernst. Französische Volksmärchen. Erster Band. Aus neueren Sammlungen. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. 1923. pp. 307–308 (note to tale 8).
  16. ^ Duggan, Anne E. "Persecuted Wife. Motifs S410-S441". In: Jane Garry and Hasan El-Shamy (eds.). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. A Handbook. Armonk / London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. p. 411.
  17. ^ van der Kooi, Jurjen. "Het meisje dat haar broers zoekt". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 241.
  18. ^ a b c Mickel & Nelson 1977, Myer's essay, p.lxxxxi-
  19. ^ Gerritsen & Van Melle 1998, Dictionary of Medieval Heroes, reprinted 2000, pp.247 "Seven Sages of Rome"
  20. ^ Hibbard 1963, pp. 240–1
  21. ^ a b c Mickel & Nelson 1977, Myer's essay, p.xciii-
  22. ^ a b Hibbard 1963, p. 242
  23. ^ Schlauch 1969, p. 80–1.
  24. ^ Hibbard 1963, p. 244
  25. ^ Hibbard 1963, p. 245
  26. ^ Hibbard 1963, p. 248
  27. ^ Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991). "Lohengrin". In Lacy, Norris J. (ed.). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. p. 239. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
  28. ^ Kalinke 1991, pp. 282–283
  29. ^ Toner, Frederick L. (1991). "Richard Wagner". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 502–505. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4
  30. ^ Benedek Elek. Magyar mese- és mondavilág. 2. kötet. Budapest: Athenaeum. [ca. 1894–1896] Tale nr. 75.
  31. ^ Neweklowsky, Gerhard; Gaál, Károly (eds.). Erzaehlgut der Kroaten aus Stinatz im suedlichen Burgenland. Bern, 1983. pp. 150–157. DOI: 10.3726/b12918.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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