Foreign relations of Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein's foreign economic policy has been dominated by its customs union with Switzerland (and with Austria-Hungary until World War I). This union also led to its independent membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991. Unlike Switzerland however (where citizens rejected membership in a referendum), Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area.
Liechtenstein was admitted to the United Nations in 1990. It is not a member of most specialized agencies of the United Nations, with the exceptions of the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union and the World Intellectual Property Organization.
Liechtenstein has resorted two times to international dispute settlement by the International Court of Justice, in the Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) case against Guatemala in the 1950s and in a case concerning art property of the Liechtenstein family against Germany in 2005. It lost in both cases.
Liechtenstein maintains resident embassies in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Holy See, Switzerland and the United States, along with a number of missions to international organisations. Under a 1919 agreement between Liechtenstein and Switzerland, ambassadors of Switzerland are authorised to represent Liechtenstein in countries and in diplomatic situations unless Liechtenstein opts to send its own ambassador.[1] As of 2024, Liechtenstein has diplomatic relations with 133 UN countries.[2]
Relations with individual countries
[edit]International dispute with Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic and Slovakia
[edit]The country has an international dispute with Czech Republic and Slovakia concerning the estates of its princely family in those countries. After World War II, Czechoslovakia, as it then was, acting to seize what it considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in the Czech regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The expropriations (which were the subject of an unsuccessful court case brought by Liechtenstein in the German courts and the International Court of Justice) included over 1,600 km² [citation needed] (which is ten times the size of Liechtenstein) of agricultural and forest land mostly in Moravia, also including several family castles and palaces. An offer from the Czech Republic to return the palaces and castles (without the surrounding land) was rejected by Liechtenstein.[3]
Liechtenstein recognised and established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009[4][5][6] and with Slovakia on 9 December 2009.[7] Liechtenstein's ruling prince, Hans-Adam II, has announced that the principality will take no further legal action to recover the appropriated assets.[3]
In February 2020, the Czech Constitutional court in Brno rejected a case made by Liechtenstein to get the Czech government to change their classification of the Liechtenstein dynasty as German under the Beneš Decrees.[8] On 19 August 2020, an inter-state application under the European Convention on Human Rights was made by Liechtenstein to the European Court of Human Rights against the Czech Republic.[9]
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Liechtenstein maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Switzerland | March 1919[10] |
2 | Austria | 24 May 1919[11] |
3 | China | 14 September 1950[12] |
4 | Germany | 6 May 1952[13] |
— | Holy See | 28 August 1985[14] |
5 | Estonia | 4 September 1991[15] |
6 | Spain | 29 November 1991[16] |
7 | Azerbaijan | 21 January 1992[17] |
8 | Slovenia | 31 January 1992[18] |
9 | Israel | January 1992[19] |
10 | Croatia | 4 February 1992[20] |
11 | Portugal | 6 February 1992[21] |
12 | Ukraine | 6 February 1992[22] |
13 | Belarus | 10 February 1992[23] |
14 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5 May 1992[24] |
15 | United Kingdom | May 1992[25] |
16 | Georgia | 10 June 1992[26] |
17 | Poland | 25 June 1992[27] |
18 | Finland | 26 June 1992[28] |
19 | France | 27 August 1992[29] |
20 | Turkey | 2 October 1992[30] |
21 | Denmark | 1992[31] |
22 | Iceland | 1992[32] |
23 | South Korea | 2 March 1993[33] |
24 | Albania | 23 April 1993[34] |
25 | Brazil | 29 April 1993[35] |
26 | Hungary | 18 September 1993[36] |
27 | North Macedonia | 31 December 1993[37] |
28 | Belgium | 1993[38] |
29 | India | 1993[39] |
30 | Norway | 1993[40] |
31 | South Africa | 1993[41] |
32 | Russia | 30 January 1994[42] |
33 | Bulgaria | 26 April 1994[43] |
34 | Mexico | 1 July 1994[44] |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 1994[45] |
35 | Andorra | 1 September 1995[46] |
36 | Philippines | 24 November 1995[47] |
37 | Italy | 11 December 1995[48] |
38 | Monaco | 16 February 1996[49] |
39 | Canada | 12 March 1996[50] |
40 | Japan | June 1996[51] |
41 | Peru | 5 July 1996[52] |
42 | Latvia | 3 December 1996[53] |
43 | United States | 10 February 1997[54] |
44 | Cuba | 11 June 1997[55] |
45 | Thailand | 14 August 1997[56] |
46 | Romania | 12 December 1997[57] |
47 | Australia | 1997[58] |
48 | Mongolia | 18 March 1998[59] |
49 | Iran | 14 August 1998[60] |
50 | Indonesia | 12 November 1998[61] |
51 | Kyrgyzstan | 16 September 1999[62] |
52 | Uruguay | 30 September 1999[63] |
53 | Costa Rica | 12 January 2000[64] |
54 | Lebanon | 9 June 2000[63] |
55 | Greece | 4 October 2000[63] |
56 | Netherlands | 6 November 2000[63] |
57 | Luxembourg | 6 November 2000[63] |
58 | Lithuania | 27 March 2001[65] |
59 | Moldova | 14 August 2001[66] |
60 | Colombia | 24 October 2001[67] |
61 | Sweden | 24 October 2001[63] |
62 | Ireland | 24 October 2001[63] |
63 | Cyprus | 3 April 2002[63] |
64 | North Korea | 2 May 2002[68] |
65 | Argentina | 14 August 2002[63] |
66 | Serbia | 4 April 2003[69] |
67 | Malta | 12 May 2003[70] |
68 | Morocco | 14 August 2003[71] |
69 | Pakistan | 14 August 2003[71] |
70 | Ecuador | 3 October 2003[71] |
71 | Laos | 8 January 2004[72] |
72 | Malaysia | July 2004[73] |
74 | Chile | 16 April 2004[71] |
75 | Venezuela | 13 August 2004[71] |
76 | Bahrain | 1 April 2005[74] |
77 | Egypt | 17 October 2005[71] |
78 | Algeria | 21 October 2005[75] |
79 | Kazakhstan | 31 January 2007[76] |
80 | Montenegro | 26 March 2007[77] |
81 | Paraguay | 2007[78] |
82 | Saudi Arabia | 2007[79] |
83 | Tajikistan | 28 January 2008[80] |
84 | Armenia | 7 May 2008[81] |
85 | Kuwait | 16 June 2008[82] |
86 | Vietnam | 2 July 2008[83] |
87 | Niger | 17 December 2008[84] |
88 | United Arab Emirates | 22 October 2009[85] |
89 | Czech Republic | 8 September 2009[86] |
90 | Slovakia | 9 December 2009[87] |
91 | Singapore | 19 April 2010[85] |
92 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2010[88] |
93 | Maldives | 21 January 2011[89] |
94 | Cambodia | 8 June 2011[90] |
95 | San Marino | 21 October 2011[91] |
96 | Brunei | 15 November 2011[92] |
97 | Nigeria | 2011[93] |
98 | Panama | 3 January 2012[94] |
99 | Tuvalu | 1 June 2012[95] |
— | Kosovo | 28 June 2012[96] |
100 | Solomon Islands | 2012[97] |
101 | Nicaragua | 23 February 2013[98] |
102 | New Zealand | 2013[99] |
103 | Qatar | 2013[99] |
104 | Trinidad and Tobago | 31 January 2014[85] |
105 | Ivory Coast | 14 March 2014[85] |
106 | Fiji | 30 July 2014[85] |
107 | Guinea | 11 December 2015[100][101] |
108 | Guatemala | 22 December 2015[102] |
109 | El Salvador | 2015[100] |
110 | Rwanda | 10 November 2016[103][104] |
111 | Sudan | 2016[103] |
112 | Mauritius | 12 May 2017[85] |
113 | Tunisia | 12 May 2017[104] |
114 | Nepal | 24 November 2017[85] |
115 | Antigua and Barbuda | 25 September 2018[85] |
116 | Afghanistan | 26 October 2018[105] |
117 | Benin | 2018[106] |
118 | Equatorial Guinea | 2018[106] |
119 | Chad | 26 June 2019[107] |
120 | Marshall Islands | 24 September 2019[108] |
121 | Dominican Republic | 26 September 2019[109] |
122 | Ghana | 19 December 2019[85] |
123 | Sri Lanka | 5 March 2021[85] |
124 | Angola | 23 June 2021[110][107] |
125 | Namibia | 22 September 2021[110][111] |
126 | Bolivia | 17 November 2021[112] |
127 | Senegal | 2021[110] |
128 | Kenya | 29 April 2022[107] |
129 | Jamaica | 18 September 2023[85] |
130 | Saint Lucia | 20 September 2023[85] |
131 | Oman | 4 March 2024[113] |
132 | Uzbekistan | 5 March 2024[114] |
133 | Turkmenistan | 1 November 2024[85] |
134 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Americas
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
---|---|---|
Mexico | 1 July 1994[115] |
|
United States | 10 February 1997[117] | See Liechtenstein–United States relations
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
---|---|---|
Hong Kong | See Hong Kong–Liechtenstein relations | |
India | 1993[120] | See India–Liechtenstein relations |
Japan | June 1996[51] | See Japan–Liechtenstein relations |
Turkey | 2 October 1992[122] |
|
Europe
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
---|---|---|
France | 27 August 1992[29] | See France–Liechtenstein relations
|
Germany | 14 January 1992 | See Germany–Liechtenstein relations
|
Russia | 30 January 1994[128] | See Liechtenstein–Russia relations |
Switzerland | 13 August 1919 | See Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations
|
Ukraine | 6 February 1992[22] | See Liechtenstein–Ukraine relations
|
United Kingdom | May 1992[25] | See Liechtenstein–United Kingdom relations
|
Membership in international organizations
[edit]Liechtenstein is a member of the following international organizations:
- United Nations
- Council of Europe
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
- European Economic Area
- European Free Trade Association
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- International Criminal Court
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- Intelsat
- Interpol
- International Olympic Committee
- International Telecommunication Union
- Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
- Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
- Permanent Court of Arbitration
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- Universal Postal Union
- World Confederation of Labour
- World Intellectual Property Organization
- World Trade Organization
Liechtenstein was never a member of the League of Nations. Its application to join that international organisation was refused in 1920 due to its small size.[133] While included in the Schengen Area, Liechtenstein is not a member of the European Union.
See also
[edit]- List of ambassadors to Liechtenstein
- List of diplomatic missions in Liechtenstein
- List of diplomatic missions of Liechtenstein
References
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