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Hull Trains

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Hull Trains
A Class 802 Paragon at Doncaster in February 2024
Overview
Franchise(s)Open access operator
Not subject to franchising
25 September 2000 – December 2032[1]
Main region(s)
Other region(s)East of England
Fleet size5 Class 802 Paragons
Parent companyFirstGroup
Reporting markHT
Other
Websitewww.hulltrains.co.uk Edit this at Wikidata
Route map
Route map
Hull Trains:
Beverley & Hull to London
Legend
 Beverley
Cottingham
Hull Paragon
Brough
Howden
Selby
Doncaster
Retford
Grantham
Stevenage
London King's Cross London Underground
Most trains run fast between Grantham
and London King's Cross.

Hull Trains[2] is an open-access railway operator in England owned by the multinational transport company FirstGroup.[3] It operates long-distance passenger services between Hull Paragon / Beverley and London King's Cross. It has a track-access agreement until December 2032.

Hull Trains was originally established in 1999 in the aftermath of the privatisation of British Rail in response to the low volume of trains between Hull and London King's Cross operated by the incumbent franchise. Their initial track-access agreement was granted in December 1999, permitting operations to be launched on 25 September 2000. Hull Trains' track-access agreement has been extended multiple times since commencing operations. Ownership was originally divided between an 80 per cent stake held by the train operating company (TOC) GB Railways, while the former British Rail managers Mike Jones and John Nelson held the remainder. A majority stake in the company was acquired by FirstGroup in August 2003, leading to its rebranding as First Hull Trains five years later. FirstGroup made it a wholly-owned subsidiary by buying out the other shareholder in the venture during August 2014; that same year, the Hull Trains name was readopted.

Hull Trains initially ran three services per day; in response to passenger numbers, this was progressively expanded to as many as seven services per day by December 2006. In addition to increasing service frequency, the number of cars per train was also raised to boost capacity. Hull Trains initially operated a small fleet of three-car Class 170 Turbostar diesel multiple units (DMUs); six years later, it exchanged these for four-car Class 222 Pioneer DMUs, followed by several five-car Class 180 Adelante DMUs and InterCity 125 HST sets. Early services were limited to a maximum speed of 100 mph (160 km/h), but the introduction of the Class 222 enabled speeds to be raised to 125 mph (201 km/h). As of 2022, Hull Trains' services are operated by a fleet of five Class 802 Paragon bi-mode multiple units (BMUs). In 2020 and 2021, multiple temporary suspensions of service were enacted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Regular services resumed on 12 April 2021.

History

[edit]

In 1999, there was only one through train per day each way between Hull Paragon and London King's Cross, GNER's Hull Executive. During May 1999, former British Rail managers Mike Jones and John Nelson lodged an application to operate an open-access service through their Renaissance Trains business.[4] A joint venture was formed with the train operating company (TOC) GB Railways, which took an 80% shareholding, while Jones and Nelson each held a 10% stake in the new entity.[5][6][7]

In December 1999, a four-year track-access agreement was granted to Hull Trains by the Office of Rail Regulation. According to rail industry periodical Rail Express, the application had been vigorously resisted by the incumbent train operators, such as West Anglia Great Northern.[8] Furthermore, national infrastructure owner Railtrack had allegedly demonstrated a poor ability in identifying potential paths for the service. In Hull Trains' favour was the support of several prominent figures, including members of parliament, who were keen to support an initiative that would provide Hull with improved transportation.[8]

On 25 September 2000, Hull Trains officially launched its operations with its first service departing King's Cross station.[9][10] Early passenger numbers were encouraging. However, an early blow to the company came in the form of widespread disruption resulting from the Hatfield rail crash; months of speed limitations and temporary line closures heavily impacted services, albeit softened somewhat by compensation payments for lost income issued by Railtrack.[8]

In its first year of operation, Hull Trains reportedly carried roughly 80,000 passengers.[11] During September 2002, Hull Trains' track-access agreement was extended by ten years.[12]

In August 2003, through the purchase of GB Railways by the British transport conglomerate FirstGroup in exchange for £22 million, the latter business took possession of their majority shareholding in Hull Trains.[13][14][15][16] During 2005, Hull Trains celebrated carrying its one-millionth passenger.[11]

In June 2008, Hull Trains was rebranded as First Hull Trains, as well as adopting FirstGroup's corporate blue, pink and white colours as its livery.[17] During January 2009, the firm's access rights were extended until December 2014,[18] and in February 2010, these rights were further extended until December 2016.[19] That same year, its services comprised 1.25 million seats annually.[8]

In August 2014, FirstGroup purchased the remaining 20% shareholding in the business. In January 2015, the track access agreement was extended until December 2019.[20] That same year, the firm also resumed trading as Hull Trains. During March 2016, First Hull Trains obtained approval for a further 10-year open-access agreement until 2029,[21] allowing it to proceed with ordering five Class 802 electro-diesel multiple-unit trains which had been announced by the operator on 3 September 2015.[22][23]

In 2017, Hull Trains was named the Best UK Train Operator, having scored a 97% satisfaction rate for its services, according to the National Rail Passenger Survey.[11]

At late March 2020, Hull Trains temporarily suspended all services due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[24] Throughout the pandemic, there was concern that the company would be unable to survive without help from the government.[25] However, Hull Trains was able to resume services on 21 August 2020.[26] In October 2020, a three-year extension on Hull Trains' access rights was granted.[27]

Following the implementation of a second lockdown directed by the British government, Hull Trains announced on 2 November 2020 that it would once again be temporarily suspending all services from 5 November 2020.[28] After the second lockdown ended, Hull Trains resumed service on 3 December 2020 with a limited timetable.[29] Following a third lockdown's implementation, Hull Trains announced on 5 January 2021 that it would be once again temporarily suspending all services from 9 January 2021.[30] Regular services resumed on 12 April 2021.[31][32]

In August 2021 the track access agreement was extended until December 2032.[1]

Services

[edit]
Hull Trains
Route tpd Intermediate stops
London King's Cross to Hull Paragon 5
  • 4 trains per day on Sundays. Stevenage is served by 2 trains on Sundays for set down southbound / 1 train pick up northbound only
London King's Cross to Beverley 2
  • Stevenage, Grantham, Retford, Doncaster, Selby, Howden, Brough, Hull Paragon, Cottingham
  • 1 train per day at weekends and some Bank Holidays. Retford is not called at on first Saturday southbound service.

Hull Trains began operating three services per day on 25 September 2000. In December 2002, a fourth daily service started, followed by a fifth in May 2004, a sixth in May 2005, and a seventh in December 2006.[33][34]

On 4 February 2015, one service per weekday was extended from Hull Paragon to Beverley in each direction.[35] In December 2015, one service was extended to Beverley at weekends.[36][37] In May 2019, a further service in each direction was extended from Hull Paragon to Beverley on weekdays.[38][39][40]

Expansion proposals

[edit]

2001: Cleethorpes

[edit]

In September 2001, Hull Trains announced initial proposals for a direct service from Cleethorpes to London King's Cross, calling at Grimsby, Barnetby, Market Rasen, Lincoln, Sleaford, Spalding and Peterborough.[41]

2008: Harrogate and Cleethorpes

[edit]
Main article: First Harrogate Trains

In 2008, First Hull Trains applied for track access rights to run services between Harrogate and London King's Cross via York under the First Harrogate Trains banner and from Cleethorpes to King's Cross via Lincoln and Spalding.[42][43][44] In January 2009, the Office of Rail Regulation released its decisions on the ECML route planning and rejected First Harrogate Trains' application.[45][8]

2024: Sheffield

[edit]

On 5 January 2024, Hull Trains announced that it had submitted an application for a new service between London King's Cross and Sheffield.[46][47] The trains would also serve Woodhouse and Worksop. The company plans to start this service in the second half of 2025.

Rolling stock

[edit]
Class 802 Paragon at Hull Paragon in 2019

Current fleet

[edit]

In September 2015, Hull Trains announced a £60 million order for five new five-car bi-mode high-speed trains from Hitachi Rail with seating for 320 people.[48][49] In its proposed track access application, Hull Trains confirmed that these would be Class 802.[50] In August 2019, Hull Trains announced that it would branding its new trains as the 'Paragon' fleet.[51] The first unit entered service on 5 December 2019, with the Class 180 fleet not seeing service again following service suspension on 19 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[52]

In the Class 802 units, coach A is standard seating with wheelchair accommodation, coach B and coach C are both standard seating, coach D is both standard- and first-class seating and coach E is completely first-class seating with wheelchair accommodation.[53] The units do not have a cafe bar compared to the Class 180 units they replaced.[54]

Family  Class  Image  Type   Top speed   Qty.   Cars   Routes operated   Built 
 mph   km/h 
Hitachi
AT300 		802 Paragon BMU 124 200[55] 5 5 Beverley / Hull Paragon – London King's Cross 2017–20
Unit Number Name[56]
802301 Amy Johnson
802302 Jean Bishop (The Bee Lady)
802303 Land of Green Ginger
802304 William Wilberforce
802305 The Humber Bridge

Past fleet

[edit]
Class 222 Pioneer at Doncaster in 2007

When Hull Trains was initially established, one early obstacle was a shortage of viable rolling stock.[8] Brush Traction was approached with a request to build additional Class 43 power cars, but this proved to be uneconomic due to the need for extensive updates to comply with up-to-date safety legislation; instead, successful negotiations were completed to lease 3-car Class 170 Turbostars from sister GB Railways company Anglia Railways. Hull Trains commenced operations on 25 September 2000 with a fleet of Class 170 trains.[8] There was at least one occurrence of an Anglia Railways Class 86 and Mark 2 set operating as far as Doncaster.[57][58]

When the Strategic Rail Authority changed its policy on allowing train operating company assets to be hired out, Hull Trains needed to acquire its own fleet. It ordered four 3-car Class 170 Turbostars, the first entering service in March 2004.[59][8] These were intended only as an interim solution as four 4-car Class 222 Pioneers were ordered at the same time, but because the former were part of a speculative order already placed by Porterbrook they would be available in time.[60][61][62][63]

The Class 170 Turbostars entered service in March 2004.[59] It was planned that after being replaced, they would then be used on new services, but these services were never introduced, so the Class 170 trains were transferred to First ScotRail.[64][65] The Class 222 Pioneers entered service from May 2005.[66][67] Their introduction allowed for the maximum speed of Hull Trains' services to be increased from 100 to 125 mph (161 to 201 km/h), both shortening journey times and being more easy to slot around high speed services on the East Coast Main Line.[8]

Class 180 Adelante at Peterborough in 2011

During 2006, the number of first class passenger seats on each train was increased from 22 to 33 by reconfiguring their interiors, which included the removal of some standard class seating.[8] In January 2007, a Class 222 Pioneer was damaged when it was dropped off a maintenance jack; it would ultimately take two years to repair.[68][69] After a period of making do with only three trains, in January 2008 a Class 86 electric locomotive was hired from the AC Locomotive Group to haul a set of Mark 3s hired from Cargo-D for weekend London King's Cross to Doncaster services.[70][71][72]

The first set of five-car Class 180 Adelante units entered service with First Hull Trains in April 2008. In total, four sets were introduced releasing the locomotive-hauled fleet and the three Class 222 Pioneer sets.[73][74] The latter was transferred to East Midlands Trains along with the unit that was damaged.[75]

The Class 180s enabled First Hull Trains to provide more capacity by its additional carriage, but when the units first arrived they were plagued by technical difficulties, and a period of poor reliability for the company followed.[8] However, reliability later improved and the Class 180s were also given a refresh internally with new seat covers and a deep clean. New catering facilities for first class were also provided, and externally the units were repainted in FirstGroup's neon blue livery.[8]

Following further reliability problems with the Class 180s, an InterCity 125 HST set was hired from Great Western Railway in February 2019.[76] In April 2019, Hull Trains introduced another HST set to its network following more reliability problems.[77] Both of these HST sets returned to GWR in December 2019.[78]

Following the introduction of the Class 802 units, the Class 180 units were transferred in stages to East Midlands Railway to replace EMR's three six-carriage HSTs inherited from Grand Central. The first two units transferred to Derby Etches Park in January 2020 after a period in storage at Crofton Depot,[79] and the final two followed in summer 2020.[citation needed]

Family Class Image Built Number Withdrawn Notes
Loco-Hauled Stock
Class 86 1965–1966 1 2008 Replaced by Class 180 Adelante
Mark 3 1975–1988 5
Driving Van Trailer 1988 1
InterCity 125 Class 43 1975–1982 2 sets formed of 5 carriages each 2019
Mark 3 1975–1988
Multiple Unit
Bombardier Turbostar Class 170 1999–2004 4 2005 Replaced by Class 222 Pioneer
Bombardier Voyager Class 222 Pioneer 2005 2009 Replaced by Class 180 Adelante
Alstom Coradia Class 180 Adelante 2000–2001 5 2020 Replaced by Class 802 Paragon

Depots

[edit]

Maintenance of the Class 180 Adelantes was undertaken at Old Oak Common Depot alongside First Great Western's fleet until this depot closed in 2018.[80][81] Two sets (or occasionally three if there were no sets on maintenance) were stabled and serviced each night in Hull sidings by Hull Trains staff (where there were usually two fitters on at night to undertake basic fault repair and diagnostics) with fuelling and emptying of toilet tanks being undertaken at Arriva Rail North's Botanic Gardens TMD. The third service set was stabled at either Bounds Green or Old Oak Common as service requirements dictated. A day fitter was based at Hull from Bombardier at Crofton TMD.

The Class 802s are maintained by Hitachi at Bounds Green depot[82] with overnight servicing continuing to take place at Northern Trains Hull Botanic Gardens TMD.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Track Access Contract (Passenger Services)" (PDF). Office of Rail and Road. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Hull Trains Company Limited, number: 3715410". Companies House. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  3. ^ "FirstGroup plc Annual Report and accounts 2015" (PDF). First Group PLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  4. ^ "New operator plans London-Hull trains". Rail. No. 357. 19 May 1999. p. 5.
  5. ^ "Joint venture for London-Hull trains". Rail. No. 365. 8 September 1999. p. 8.
  6. ^ "GB buys into Hull Trains". Rail Business Intelligence. No. 111. 30 September 1999. p. 5.
  7. ^ "Renaissance and GB Railways join to form Hull Trains Co". Rail Express. No. 41. October 1999. p. 7.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Happy 10th Birthday for Hull Trains". Rail Express. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  9. ^ "Hull Trains – Three services just the start". Rail. No. 374. 12 January 2000. p. 5.
  10. ^ "New link launched from Hull to London". Rail. No. 392. 20 September 2000. p. 14.
  11. ^ a b c "21 Years of Hull Trains". hulltrains.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  12. ^ "Ten Year Access Granted" (Press release). Hull Trains. 18 June 2002. Archived from the original on 7 February 2003.
  13. ^ Hull Trains Company Limited Annual Accounts 2002
  14. ^ "GB Rail Offer Unconditional" (Press release). FirstGroup. 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 18 December 2003. Retrieved 25 November 2021.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. ^ "First Group buys GB for $22million". The Railway Magazine. No. 1229. September 2003. p. 10.
  16. ^ "GB Railways is bought by First Group for £22 million". Rail Express. No. 88. September 2003. p. 8.
  17. ^ "The Pioneer" (PDF). No. 7. First Hull Trains. Spring 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
  18. ^ "ORR announces its proposed decision on East Coast Main Line track access applications". Office of Rail Regulation. 29 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  19. ^ "ORR Approves East Coast Main Line track access applications". Office of Rail Regulation. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  20. ^ "First Hull Trains records a record year and secures three-year extension to run services until 2019" (Press release). First Hull Trains. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  21. ^ "First Hull Trains track access extended until 2029". European Railway Review. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  22. ^ "Electrification delays force Hull Trains to go bi-mode". The Railway Magazine. No. 781. 19 August 2015. p. 14.
  23. ^ "Hull Trains plans bi-mode fleet". Modern Railways. No. 804. September 2015. p. 9.
  24. ^ "Coronavirus". First Hull Trains. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  25. ^ "Hull Trains faces a struggle to survive". Business Traveller. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  26. ^ Clinnick, Richard (31 July 2020). "Hull Trains to return to the mainline". Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via Twitter.
  27. ^ "Hull Trains Company Limited 19th SA decision letter" (PDF). Office of Rail and Road. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  28. ^ Riley, Anna (2 November 2020). "Hull Trains suspends all services as second lockdown announced". Hull Daily Mail. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  29. ^ Farrell, Stephen (2 December 2020). "Hull Trains to resume services following lockdown pause". Insider Media. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  30. ^ "Hull Trains cancels all Hull to London trains as third lockdown takes a hit". RailAdvent. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  31. ^ "Hull Trains announce return date for Hull Paragon to London Kings Cross trains". RailAdvent. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  32. ^ "Hull Trains resumes East Coast Main Line passenger services". www.railmagazine.com. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  33. ^ "Hull Trains starts fifth London train". Rail. No. 486. 28 April 2004. p. 13.
  34. ^ "Six trans a day for HT". Rail. No. 515. 8 June 2005. p. 13.
  35. ^ "MP delighted at new direct train service from Beverley to London". First Hull Trains. 3 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Hull Trains proposes weekends to Beverley". Rail. No. 785. 14 October 2015. p. 11.
  37. ^ Burton, James (5 December 2015). "New weekend service for direct rail link to capital". Hull Daily Mail. p. 2.
  38. ^ "Application to the Office of Rail Regulation for a passenger track access agreement, or amendment to a passenger track access agreement under sections 17-22A of the Railways Act 1993" (PDF). orr.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  39. ^ "Hull Trains to run additional services". Insider Media. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  40. ^ "More HT services for Beverley". Today's Railways UK. No. 211. July 2019. p. 16.
  41. ^ "Proposed new service for North Lincolnshire" (Press release). Hull Trains. 27 September 2001. Archived from the original on 25 December 2002. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Hull Trains – Track Access Rights on the East coast Main Line" (PDF). Office of the Rail Regulator. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
  43. ^ "Three companies want East Coast paths". Today's Railways UK. No. 78. June 2008. p. 6.
  44. ^ "Hull Trains applies to serve Harrogate four times a day". Rail. No. 594. 18 June 2008. p. 12.
  45. ^ "Grand Northern set for Bradford". Rail. No. 611. 11 February 2009. p. 20.
  46. ^ "FirstGroup applies to run new London to Sheffield rail service" (Press release). London: FirstGroup. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  47. ^ "Sheffield-London train service plans revealed by FirstGroup". BBC News. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  48. ^ Clinnick, Richard (3 July 2019). "Hull Trains expect November start for new Class 802/3s". Rail. No. 882. Peterborough. p. 32.
  49. ^ "Hull rail firm to buy 140mph trains". BBC News. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  50. ^ "3.2". Proposed Track Access Contract Between Network Rail Infrastructure Limited and Hull Trains Company Limited under Section 17 of the Railways Act 1993 (PDF) (Report). Office of Rail and Road. 7 October 2015. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  51. ^ "Hull Trains reveals name of new fleet" (Press release). Hull Trains. 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  52. ^ "Hull Trains debuts Hitachi-built Paragon trainsets". Business Traveller. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  53. ^ "The Benefits of Travelling with Us". Hull Trains. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  54. ^ "New High Speed Trains | Paragon". Hull Trains. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  55. ^ "Speed limiters for Hitachi fleets". Traction & Stock. The Railway Magazine. Vol. 168, no. 1457. August 2022. p. 92.
  56. ^ "Name That Train". www.hulltrains.co.uk. Hull Trains. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  57. ^ "Hull Trains uses Anglia 86 on ECML after 170 failure". Rail. No. 428. 6 February 2002. p. 53.
  58. ^ "GB Rail runs Class 86 and push-pull set on ECML". The Railway Magazine. No. 1211. March 2002. p. 33.
  59. ^ a b "Hull Trains takes 170s". Rail. No. 485. 14 April 2004. p. 29.
  60. ^ "New Trains for Hull Trains As Company Announces Million Investment" (Press release). Hull Trains. 20 September 2002. Archived from the original on 24 January 2003.
  61. ^ "Hull Trains buys 222s and 170s from Bombardier". Rail. No. 445. 2 October 2002. p. 9.
  62. ^ "Hull Trains goes for Voyager-style units". The Railway Magazine. No. 1219. November 2002. p. 9.
  63. ^ "New trains for Hull Trains". Entrain. No. 11. November 2002. p. 15.
  64. ^ "Hull Trains Class 170s heading for Scotland". The Railway Magazine. No. 1244. p. 64.
  65. ^ "Hull Trains Class 170s now in Scotland". Rail. No. 516. 22 June 2005. p. 10.
  66. ^ "Hull Trains' 125mph Pioneer starts East Coast service". Rail. No. 515. 8 June 2012. p. 8.
  67. ^ "Hull Trains". The Railway Magazine. No. 1252. August 2005. p. 95.
  68. ^ "Hull Trains short of stock as unit falls from jacks". Rail. No. 558. 31 January 2007. p. 15.
  69. ^ "Hull Trains Pioneer damaged after liftng jack collapses". The Railway Magazine. No. 1271. March 2007. p. 11.
  70. ^ "Hull Trains presses 86101 into action". Rail. No. 576. 10 October 2007. p. 20.
  71. ^ "Preserved 86 enters service with Hull Trains". Railway Magazine. No. 584. 30 January 2008. p. 11.
  72. ^ "Hull Trains replaces Class 86 with Class 180". The Railway Magazine. No. 1286. June 2008. p. 74.
  73. ^ "Hull Trains takes delivery of first 180". Rail. No. 588. 26 March 2008. p. 62.
  74. ^ "Hull Trains to go all Adelante". Rail Express. No. 153. February 2009. p. 4.
  75. ^ "222/1s for EMT". Today's Railways UK. No. 86. February 2009. p. 57.
  76. ^ "HST enters service with Hull Trains". Rail Express. No. 265. April 2019. p. 79.
  77. ^ "Hull Trains loans another high-speed train as it waits for arrival of new £60m Hitachi fleet". Rail Technology Magazine. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  78. ^ Beardsley 2020, p. 41.
  79. ^ Harris, Nigel, ed. (29 January 2020). "EMR receives its first class 180s". Rail Magazine. No. 897. Peterborough: Bauer Media. p. 33. ISSN 0953-4563.
  80. ^ "Hull Trains to maintain Adelantes at Old Oak". Rail. No. 639. 10 March 2010. p. 28.
  81. ^ "Old Oak to maintain Adelantes". The Railway Magazine. No. 1309. May 2010. p. 81.
  82. ^ Beardsley 2020, p. 38.

Sources

[edit]
  • Beardsley, Ian (December 2020). "It's never dull in Hull". Today's Railways. No. 226. Sheffield: Platform 5. ISSN 1475-9713.

Further reading

[edit]
  • "Hull Trains wants to electrify line". The Railway Magazine. Vol. 159, no. 1345. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. May 2013. p. 7. ISSN 0033-8923. OCLC 750645684.
[edit]
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