Bidayuh
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Total population | |
---|---|
205,900 (2014)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Borneo: | |
Malaysia (Sarawak) | 201,376 (2020)[2] |
Indonesia (West Kalimantan) | n/a |
Languages | |
Bidayuh languages: Bukar Sadong, Jagoi, Biatah (Siburan and Padawan), Malaysian (Sarawak Malay dialect) or Indonesian, English, Iban (secondary language) | |
Religion | |
Christianity (predominantly) (60% Catholic & 40% Protestant), Islam, Animism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Bekati', Binyadu, Jongkang, Ribun, Selako, Lara', Sanggau, Sara', Tringgus, Semandang, Ahé |
Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, Malaysia and northern West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the island of Borneo, which are broadly similar in language and culture (see also issues below). The name Bidayuh means 'inhabitants of land'. Originally from the western part of Borneo, the collective name Land Dayak was first used during the period of Rajah James Brooke, the White Rajah of Sarawak. At times, they were also lesser referred to as Klemantan people.[3] They constitute one of the main indigenous groups in Sarawak and West Kalimantan and live in towns and villages around Kuching and Serian in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, while in the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan they are mainly concentrated in the northern Sanggau Regency. In Sarawak, most of Bidayuh population can be found within 40 km of the geographical area known as Greater Kuching, within the Kuching and Serian Division. They are the second-largest Dayak ethnic group in Sarawak after the Iban and one of the major Dayak tribes in West Kalimantan.
Settlement areas
[edit]Predominantly Bidayuh areas in Sarawak are Lundu, Bau, Penrissen, Padawan, Siburan, and Serian. Most Bidayuh villages can be found in the rural areas of Lundu, Bau, Padawan, Penrissen, and Serian district. The area continues up to the adjacent West Kalimantan border, where they reside in Kembayan, Noyan, Sekayam, and Jangkang district in Sanggau Regency. The area in which they live is mainly in the basin of the Sarawak River and hilly to a mountainous forest, traditionally worked by rotational agriculture and hunting based around farms populated from parent villages situated on the hills for protection. Today, almost all the traditional longhouse villages have been replaced by individual houses, by roads and there are some plantation agriculture and a reduced emphasis on the growing of hill padi. Fruit trees, especially Durian, remain important property markers. The distinctive architectural and cultural feature of the Bidayuh is the head-house, now adopted as a symbol.
Languages
[edit]There are approximately 25 dialects of Bidayuh (Land Dayak) spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia, which can be grouped into four clusters of dialects: Eastern, Central, Highland, and Western.[4] In Sarawak, there are generally said to be three main linguistic groupings (Biatah, Singai-Jagoi, and Bukar–Sadong), but these can be broken down even beyond the list referenced below as most people can be distinguished by locals down to village level through smaller differences in vocabulary and intonation.[5] Each area speaks its own dialect:
- Lundu speaks Jagoi, Salako and Lara.
- Bratak, Singai, Krokong, and Jagoi speak Singai-Jagoi.
- Penrissen speaks Bisitang while people in Kampung Bunuk speak Bunuk (Segu-Benuk).
- Siburan vicinity speaks Biatah.
- Bidayuhs who live around Serian such as Tebakang, Mongkos, Tebedu to Tanjung Amo near the border of Kalimantan, Indonesia speak Sadong(Similar To Bukar but different dialects and accent).
- Bidayuhs who live around Serian such as Baki, Baru, Taee, and Tarat speaks the Bukar language.
- Bidayuhs in Padawan speak several but related dialects like Bi-Annah, Pinyawa, Braang, Bia', Bisepug, and Emperoh/Bipuruh.
- Bidayuh Moden speaks mixed languages, mixed languages between Padawan and Jagoi language (Semeba, Tematu, Bumbok, and Sudad).
The dialects are not mutually intelligible and Malaysian English or Malay are often used as commonly spoken languages within the community.
Linguistic issues
[edit]The Serian Bidayuhs have a distinct dialect known as Bukar–Sadong, which is not intelligible to Bidayuhs from other Districts. Here are some examples of the differences in the various dialects spoken in Serian, with their English and Malay equivalents. Also included are two Philippine languages, Kapampangan and Tagalog:
English | Malay | Bukar–Sadong | Bau-Jagoi | Siburan-Padawan | Bi-Annah | Bra'ang-Pinyawa | Lundu (Salako) | Kapampangan | Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Father | Bapa | Amang | Sama | Sama | Sama' | Sama' | Apak, Bapak | Ibpâ, (Bapa – Uncle) | Amang, Ama |
Mother | Ibu | Andĕ/ayang/a'nek | Sino | Sendo | Sin(d)ū' | Sin(d)o | Inuk, Indok, Umak, | Indû | Inang, Ina |
Food | makanan | pima-an | pinguman | pimaan | Pinguman | Pinguman | Pamakanan | Pamangan | Pagkain |
Rice | nasi | songkoi/sungkoi | tubi | tubi | Tubi' | Tubi | nasik | nasi | kanin |
I | aku | aku | oku | Ěku | Aku' | Ěku | aku | aku/I-aku | ako |
You/thee | kamu/anda/engkau/kau | amu/akam | mu-u/ingan | ku-u/kaam | Ku'u/Ka'am(ng)/Angan | (K)u'u/ ka'am | kau | ika (sing.)/ikayu (pl.) | ikaw |
Religion and beliefs
[edit]Bidayuhs are traditionally animist or pagans, and vestiges of these beliefs remain.[6][7] The Brooke family era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries from 1848, bringing education and modern medicine, while a similar process also took place in Dutch Borneo on the Dutch controlled side. The great majority of Bidayuh are now Christians,[6] majority of them being Roman Catholic. Almost 70% of the people of Bidayuh have changed their traditional name to English name since they converted to Christianity and many young indigenous Bidayuh in Sarawak do not practice their traditional ceremonies anymore, weakening their culture as indigenous peoples of Sarawak. The Bidayuh people are the closest relative of the Melanau people and are said to have the same ancestor before splitting into different tribes. The original Bidayuhs are mainly pagans or animists, however 50% already converted to Christianity. They have big festivals like Gawai Dayak, which is a celebration to please the padi spirit for a good harvest.[8]
Most Bidayuh villages have either a Roman Catholic or Anglican church, or a mosque. The Biatah people, who live in the Kuching area, are Anglican. Meanwhile, the people who live in Bau or Serian are Catholic. Cathoholicism was first introduced to people in Kampung Taee in the early 1920, where some of the villagers married a white man/woman, and decided to convert all of the other villagers to Catholicism.
Some renowned churches were also being established in some villages such as SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo) also called as Borneo Evangelical Church, Baptist Church, Assemblies Of God , and other churches like SDA, Latter Rain.
The Bidayuh of Bukar had a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and leaving them to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely practiced nowadays.[5]
The Bidayuh or Klemantan celebrate Gawai Padi (Paddy Festival)[9] or Gawai Adat Naik Dingo (Paddy Storing Festival).[10]
Salako and Lara people
[edit]Although classified as "Bidayuh" by the Malaysian government, the Salako and Lara culture have little resemblance to other Bidayuh groups and their oral tradition claims different descent and migration histories. Linguistically, the Salako belong to another language family tree which is of the Malayic Dayak family (the same family as the Iban).[11] The Lara, although said to be more related to the Bidayuh (Jagoi-Singai), speak a language almost not mutually intelligible at all with the Bidayuh but belonged to the same language family tree which is the Land Dayak.[11] Even their customary rituals and rites differ from the other Bidayuhs (all Bidayuhs share almost the same ritual and customary rites).
Culture
[edit]Musical heritage
[edit]The Bidayuh have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles - ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as a drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.[12][13] They also use a bamboo idiochord tube zither called pratuokng.[14][15]
Traditional dance
[edit]- Nyigar[16]
Traditional cuisine
[edit]Several traditional Bidayuh dishes are:[17]
- Kasam Dihan goreng, fried fermented durian with pork and lemongrass condiment
- Rotung, sago cooked in bamboo
- Kubar, sweet sago pancakes
- Linut, sticky sago paste
- Assam, chicken and tapioca leaves cooked and served in a bamboo stalk[18][19]
- Tobah / Kasam Pengak, preserved wild animal meat or pork, and fish[20]
Standard of Living
[edit]According to Professor Dr Peter Songan (graduate from Cornell University, in Year 2004 the Bidayuh Graduate community by category of qualificationA majority of the graduates holds a diploma degree (45.1%), followed by bachelor (44.2%), masters (5.2%), Ph.D. (0.9%) and others (4.7%).
Table 2. Distribution of Graduates by Degree Frequency Percent Diploma 743 holders 45.06% Bachelor 729 holders 44.21% Masters 85 holders 5.16% Ph.D. 15 holders 0.91% Others 77 holders 4.67% Total 1649 holders 100.00%
Notable Bidayuhs
[edit]- Cornelis, former governor of West Kalimantan.
- Anding Indrawani Zaini, an Akademi Fantasia star, model, actor and singer. He is of mixed Melanau-Bidayuh parentage.[21]
- Bonnie Bunyau Gustin, national powerlifter who won Malaysia's first ever gold medal in the sport in the men's 72 kg event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, breaking the Paralympic record in the process.[22]
- Bryan Nickson Lomas, former Malaysian national diving athlete. He was the youngest Malaysian athlete to qualify for 2004 Summer Olympics when he was 14.[23]
- Dewi Liana Seriestha, Miss World 2014 Top 25 and Miss Talent for Miss World Beauty Pageant. She is of mixed Bidayuh-Indonesian parentage.[24]
- James Dawos Mamit, former Malaysian cabinet deputy minister.
- Made Katib, former Anglican bishop of the Diocese of Kuching.
- Malcolm Sim Mejin, author of contemporary adult novels and children's books. She is of mixed Bidayuh-Malaysian Chinese parentage.[25]
- Michael Manyin Jawong, former Sarawak cabinet minister.
- Pandelela Rinong, Malaysian national diving athlete.
- Richard Riot Jaem, first ethnic Bidayuh to be appointed as a minister in the Malaysian cabinet.
- Tony Eusoff, actor and model.[26]
- Venice Elphi anak Danny Kaya, Malaysian football player, played for ATM FA.[27]
- Willie Mongin, former Malaysian cabinet deputy minister.
References
[edit]- ^ "State Statistics: Malays Edge Past Chinese in Sarawak". Borneo Post Online. 8 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ https://govdocs.sinarproject.org/documents/department-of-statistics/population-and-housing-census-of-malaysia-2020/penemuan-utama-banci-penduduk-dan-perumahan-malaysia-2020.pdf/view
- ^ M. J. Melalatoa (1995). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia, Volume 1 (in Malay). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. OCLC 37396203.
- ^ Calvin R. Rensch (2006). Rhythm in Bidayuh. SIL International.
- ^ a b Shiv Shanker Tiwary; P. S. Choudhary (2009). Encyclopaedia of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (3 Vols.). Anmol Publications. p. 247. ISBN 978-81-261-3837-1.
- ^ a b Lucas Chin; Valerie Mashman, eds. (1991). Sarawak Cultural Legacy: A Living Tradition. Society Atelier Sarawak. p. 21. OCLC 1027899014.
- ^ Akhmad Saufi; Imanuella R. Andilolo; Norain Othman; Alan A. Lew, eds. (2016). Balancing Development and Sustainability in Tourism Destinations: Proceedings of the Tourism Outlook Conference 2015. Springer. p. 90. ISBN 978-98-110-1718-6.
- ^ "Gawai Dayak Festival". Tourism Malaysia. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Reed, Mike. "Gawai Padi: A Street Party For The Rice Goddess". Sarawak Alive. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia: SiliconNet Technologies Sdn. Bhd. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ Lina Kunjak (30 April 2019). "Padi pun pengidup Dayak Kalimantan Barat". Suara Sarawak. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Language Family Trees: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007.
- ^ Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang - A home for Pasikings. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
- ^ Matusky, Patricia (1985). "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music". Asian Music. 16 (2): 121–182. doi:10.2307/833774. JSTOR 833774.
- ^ Varli, Özlem Doğuş; Mihajlovic, Danka Lajic; Huang, Wan; Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar; Liu, Xiangkun; Dzambazov, Lejla; Sari, Mahmut Cemal; Hadžić, Fatima; Kovačič, Mojca; Talam, Jasmina; Kirdiene, Gaila; Žarskienė, Rūta; Jähnichen, Gisa; Meddegoda, Chinthaka P. "PROGRAM of the 21th SYMPOSIUM of the ICTM Study Group MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Academy of Music, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 5-8 April, 2017".
- ^ "Pratuokng: Bamboo Zither". August 2022.
- ^ Pat Foh Chang (1995). The Land of Freedom Fighters. Ministry of Social Development. ASIN B0006FECIK.
- ^ Rintos Mail (1 November 2015). "Serving Up Unique Bidayuh Cuisine". Borneo Post Online. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ Tamara Thiessen (2008). Bradt Travel Guide - Borneo. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 247. ISBN 978-18-416-2252-1.
- ^ The Rough Guide to Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Rough Guides UK. 2015. ISBN 978-02-412-3808-0.
- ^ Patrick Rigep Nuek (2002). A Dayak Bidayuh Community: Rituals, Ceremonies & Festivals. Patrick Rigep Nuek. p. 12. ISBN 98-341-1500-8.
- ^ "From Reality Show to Musical Theatre". New Straits Times Online. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014.
- ^ "Bonnie an Icon for Future Athletes - SSS CEO". Bernama.com. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ "Bryan Impi Jadi Jurulatih Renang". Sinar Harian (in Malay). 15 April 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- ^ "Ex-Miss World Contestant Dewi Liana's Second Single Album in the Works". Malay Mail. Bernama. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ C, Irene (19 September 2021). "Mermaids, mystery and mayhem". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Shanon Shah (17 September 2008). "Lessons from East Malaysian Storytellers". The Nut Graph. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ Shaiful Shamsudin (27 January 2017). "Venice Arkitek Kejayaan ATM Benam MISC-MIFA". Stadium Astro (in Malay). Retrieved 21 September 2018.
Notations
[edit]- Baruk Dayak
- Patrick Rigep Nuek (2002). The Dayak Bidayuh Community: Rituals, Ceremonies, and Festivals.
External links
[edit]- Ethnologue language tree
- The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Book on the Bidayuh language available for purchase from SIL, or freely downloadable from SIL: free access
- Atur Simayang Mass: The Holy Eucharist in Bukar Anglican eucharistic liturgy digitised by Richard Mammana