Jump to content

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Coordinates: 42°16′53″N 83°44′54″W / 42.28139°N 83.74833°W / 42.28139; -83.74833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from UN/LOCODE:USARB)
"Ann Arbor" redirects here. For other uses, see Ann Arbor (disambiguation).

Ann Arbor
City
Ann Arbor skyline
Flag of Ann Arbor
Flag
Official seal of Ann Arbor
Seal
Nicknames: 
A2, A2, Tree Town, People's Republic of Ann Arbor
Map
Interactive map of Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor is located in Michigan
Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor is located in the United States
Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
Coordinates: 42°16′53″N 83°44′54″W / 42.28139°N 83.74833°W / 42.28139; -83.74833
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountyWashtenaw
Founded1824
Incorporated1833 (village)
1851 (city)
Founded byJohn Allen and Elisha Rumsey
Named forThe wives of the city's founders (both named Ann) and the bur oak in the area
Government
[1]
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorChristopher Taylor (D)
 • AdministratorMilton Dohoney
 • ClerkJacqueline Beaudry
 • City council
Members
  • Christopher Taylor
  • Cynthia Harrison
  • Linh Song
  • Christopher Watson
  • Travis Radina
  • Ayesha Ghazi Edwin
  • Jen Eyer
  • Dharma Akmon
  • Jenn Cornell
  • Erica Briggs
  • Lisa Disch
Area
[2]
 • City
29.09 sq mi (75.35 km2)
 • Land28.22 sq mi (73.10 km2)
 • Water0.87 sq mi (2.25 km2)
 • Urban
159.57 sq mi (413.46 km2)
 • Metro
722 sq mi (1,870 km2)
Elevation
840 ft (256 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City
123,851
 • Estimate 
(2023)[4]
119,381
 • Rank231st in the United States
5th in Michigan
 • Density4,388.14/sq mi (1,694.28/km2)
 • Urban
317,689 (US: 129th)[3]
 • Urban density2,214.6/sq mi (855.0/km2)
 • Metro
[5]
372,258 (US: 148th)
DemonymAnn Arborite
GDP
[6]
 • Metro$30.556 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
48103–48109, 48113
Area code734
FIPS code26-03000[7]
GNIS feature ID0620133[7]
Websitea2gov.org

Ann Arbor is a city in and the seat of government of Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States.[8] The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851, making it the fifth-most populous city in Michigan.[9] Located on the Huron River, Ann Arbor is the principal city of its metropolitan area, which encompasses all of Washtenaw County and had 372,258 residents in 2020.

Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey. It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees they found at the site of the town. The University of Michigan was established in Ann Arbor in 1837,[10] and the city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century.

A college town, Ann Arbor is currently home to the University of Michigan, which significantly shapes the city's economy, employing about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in its medical center. The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure.[11] The city has been a center for progressive politics as well as several social and religious movements.

Ann Arbor is included in the Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor combined statistical area and the Great Lakes megalopolis.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Ann Arbor, Michigan

Before founding as Ann Arbor

[edit]

The lands of present-day Ann Arbor were part of Massachusetts's western claim after the French and Indian War (1754–1763), bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony's original charter, to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea-to-sea grant from the British Crown. Massachusetts ceded the claim to the federal government as part of the Northwest Territory after April 19, 1785.[12][13]

The region was once inhabited by several Native American tribes, the most prominent being the Anishinaabe people of the Three Fires — the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi. The Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor in about 1774.[14] Other tribes that inhabited the area included the Fox, Wyandots, and Sauk.[15] These peoples established several trails that converged on present-day Ann Arbor. The land that included Washtenaw County was ceded to the U.S. by the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot in the Treaty of Detroit of 1807.[16]

19th century

[edit]

Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey.[17][18] On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name.[19][20] Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of bur oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre.[21] The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.[22]

Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827[23] and was incorporated as a village in 1833.[24] The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan.[25]

A black-and-white photograph of Main Street in Ann Arbor
Main Street in Ann Arbor c. 1908
A black-and-white photograph of a crowd of men are standing in a semi-circle around Grover Cleveland. A train car is visible in the top-left corner of the photograph.
President Grover Cleveland at the Ann Arbor station in 1892, with a crowd that included Mayor William Doty and University President James B. Angell

Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked.[26] The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878.[27] Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish,[28] and Black people.[29] In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city,[30] though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873.[27] It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth,[31] with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland.[32]

20th century

[edit]

Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling.[32] Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.[33]

In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3 million bond issue to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect Alden B. Dow. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.[34]

During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War.[35] During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city.[36] These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance.[37]

A photograph of a train and several tracks of railroad in front of the Ann Arbor station.
Ann Arbor station in 1975

Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor; the Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement;[33] and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999).[38] Since 1998, Ann Arbor is also the home office of the Anthroposophical Society in the United States, an organization dedicated to supporting the community of those interested in the inner path of schooling known as anthroposophy, developed by Rudolf Steiner.[39]

Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.[40]

21st century

[edit]

In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside.[41] On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development.[42] Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits.[43] Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year.[44]

In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four.[45] Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years. Beginning in 2018 the city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years. To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.[46]

A colour photograph of Main Street in Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor pedestrianized Main Street

In 2020, partly as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles to emergency vehicles during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a large pedestrian mall, these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating.[47] These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing the schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning.[48][49]

Geography

[edit]
A photograph of Huron River, with trees lining the banks of the river.
Huron River

Ann Arbor is located along the Huron River, which flows southeast through the city on its way to Lake Erie. It is the central core of the Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of the whole of Washtenaw County, but is also a part of the Metro Detroit Combined Statistical Area designated by the U.S. Census Bureau.[50] While it borders only Townships, the built-up nature of the sections of Pittsfield and Ypsilanti townships between Ann Arbor and the city of Ypsilanti make the two effectively a single urban area.[51][52]

Landscape

[edit]

The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd.[53] Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).[54] Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks.[55] Into the early 2000s, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees.[56]

The city contains over 160 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas such as Buhr Park.[57] Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River.[58] Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The city is also home to the Washtenaw County-owned County Farm Park. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus.[59] Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.[60] Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such as Ann Arbor Public Schools.[61][62]

Cityscape

[edit]
A color photograph of the front facade of Bethlehem United Church of Christ
Bethlehem United Church of Christ

The cityscape of Ann Arbor is heavily influenced by the University of Michigan, with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university.[63][64] The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city—including the President's House, built in 1840—and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts.[65][66] These other three districts, Kerrytown, State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near the northwestern corner of the university.[67]

Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include the Michigan Theater, The Diag, and Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building that is the city's tallest building.[68] Downtown is also home to several Fairy Doors and other public art installations.[69]

Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side.[70] Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district.[71] The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.[72]

Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district.[70] Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.[73]

Climate

[edit]

Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around 34 °F (1 °C). Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around 81 °F (27 °C) and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter.[74] The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934.[75]

Climate data for Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMich, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		68
(20) 		85
(29) 		88
(31) 		95
(35) 		103
(39) 		105
(41) 		104
(40) 		99
(37) 		91
(33) 		78
(26) 		67
(19) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 51.7
(10.9) 		53.7
(12.1) 		68.2
(20.1) 		78.0
(25.6) 		86.4
(30.2) 		91.7
(33.2) 		92.7
(33.7) 		91.4
(33.0) 		88.7
(31.5) 		80.5
(26.9) 		65.5
(18.6) 		54.3
(12.4) 		94.3
(34.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 31.9
(−0.1) 		35.4
(1.9) 		46.2
(7.9) 		59.7
(15.4) 		71.4
(21.9) 		80.1
(26.7) 		83.7
(28.7) 		81.7
(27.6) 		75.1
(23.9) 		62.2
(16.8) 		48.0
(8.9) 		36.3
(2.4) 		59.3
(15.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.0
(−4.4) 		26.5
(−3.1) 		35.7
(2.1) 		47.6
(8.7) 		59.0
(15.0) 		68.0
(20.0) 		71.9
(22.2) 		70.3
(21.3) 		63.3
(17.4) 		51.4
(10.8) 		39.2
(4.0) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		48.8
(9.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 16.2
(−8.8) 		17.7
(−7.9) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		35.5
(1.9) 		46.6
(8.1) 		55.9
(13.3) 		60.1
(15.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		51.6
(10.9) 		40.7
(4.8) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		38.4
(3.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.5
(−18.6) 		1.1
(−17.2) 		8.5
(−13.1) 		22.8
(−5.1) 		33.9
(1.1) 		43.7
(6.5) 		50.3
(10.2) 		49.5
(9.7) 		38.4
(3.6) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		17.2
(−8.2) 		6.2
(−14.3) 		−5.6
(−20.9)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30) 		−23
(−31) 		−8
(−22) 		7
(−14) 		20
(−7) 		35
(2) 		37
(3) 		39
(4) 		27
(−3) 		19
(−7) 		−3
(−19) 		−20
(−29) 		−23
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.96
(75) 		2.51
(64) 		2.82
(72) 		3.44
(87) 		3.84
(98) 		3.91
(99) 		3.52
(89) 		3.52
(89) 		3.18
(81) 		2.99
(76) 		2.82
(72) 		2.75
(70) 		38.26
(972)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.3
(46) 		15.3
(39) 		8.3
(21) 		2.6
(6.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		4.1
(10) 		12.7
(32) 		61.4
(156)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.3 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.7 12.4 11.7 11.2 10.6 13.3 13.5 16.9 165.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 15.2 12.1 7.5 2.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.9 11.5 54.5
Source: NOAA[76][77]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18605,097—
18707,36344.5%
18808,0619.5%
18909,43117.0%
190014,50953.8%
191014,8172.1%
192019,51631.7%
193026,94438.1%
194029,81510.7%
195048,25161.8%
196067,34039.6%
1970100,03548.6%
1980107,9697.9%
1990109,5921.5%
2000114,0244.0%
2010113,934−0.1%
2020123,8518.7%
2023 (est.)119,381−3.6%
Before 1860[78]
1900–2000[79]
U.S. Census Bureau[80][4]
Map of racial distribution in Ann Arbor, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Multiracial ⬤ Native American/Other

Ann Arbor has seen consistent growth in population between all decennial censuses since 1860 with the exception of the 2010 census which reported almost no growth from the previous census. As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 123,851 people and 49,337 households residing in the city, with a population density of 4,391.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,695.7/km2).[4] The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 67.6% White, 6.8% Black, 0.2% Native American, 15.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 5.5% of the population.[81] Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans, including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians,[82] and a large community of Japanese nationals.[83]

According to the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, out of 49,337 households, 33.8% were married-couple households, 9.8% were cohabiting couple households, 26.1% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 30.4% had a female householder with no spouse present. 18.4% of the households had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 20.1% had individuals over age 65 living in them. The average household size was 2.22 people and the average family size was 2.78 people.[84] The median age was 25.9; 12.2% of the population was under age 18, and 12.3% was age 65 or older.[85] The percentage of city residents age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree was 97.8% while 77.5% had a bachelor's degree or higher, which is higher than the U.S. national percentage of 89.1% for persons age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree and 34.3% with a bachelor's degree or higher.[4]

The median household income in 2022 was $78,740 (versus the U.S. national figure of $75,149),[4] with family households having a median income of $126,292.[86] The per capita income for the city was $52,276, which is higher than the U.S. national per capita income of $41,261.[4] Males working full-time jobs had median earnings of $86,970 compared to $61,543 for females.[86] Out of the 109,973 people with a determined poverty status, 23.1% were below the poverty line compared to the U.S. national poverty rate of 11.1%;[4] the age group with the highest percentage below the poverty level was persons between 18 and 34 years at 43.0% while other age groups have percentages between 2.7% and 7.7%. Further, 3.5% of minors and 7.7% of seniors were below the poverty line.[87]

Historical racial composition 2020[88] 2010[89] 1990[90] 1970[90] 1940[90]
White 67.6% 73.0% 82.0% 91% 95.5%
—Non-Hispanic 65.9% 70.4% 80.4% - -
Black or African American 6.8% 7.7% 9.0% 6.7% 4.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 5.5% 4.1% 2.6% 1.3%[note 1] -
Asian 15.7% 14.4% 7.7% 1.5% 0.3%

Crime

[edit]

According to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program in 2022, Ann Arbor had 371 reported violent crimes (which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 2069 reported property crimes (which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft). With a violent crime rate of 309.5 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is lower than Michigan's rate of 461 per 100,000 people and the U.S. national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. However, Ann Arbor's property crime rate, at 1726.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Michigan's property crime rate of 1536.8 per 100,000 people and lower than the U.S. national property crime rate of 1954.4 per 100,000 people.[91][note 2]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Atrium of a shopping arcade, with green and yellow banners hanging overhead with the words "Nickels Arcade"
Nickels Arcade interior, looking towards the east

The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city.[93] Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.[94]

High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933).[95] Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI.[96] Duo Security, a cloud-based access security provider of two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.[97] It was formerly a unicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by Cisco Systems.[98] In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment company KLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor.[99]

A photograph of the front and side facade of the Weinmann Block
The Weinmann Block is listed on the NRHP

Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street.[100] The city is also home to a secondary office of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream.[101] As of 2022, Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes.[102] The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.[103]

The University of Michigan operates the North Campus Research Complex, a former Pfizer pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor.[104] The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory that is operated by NOAA and the Michigan Tech Research Institute. Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory[105] and the Toyota Technical Center.[106] The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.[107]

A photograph of the front and side facade of the Germania Building Complex
The Germania Building Complex is listed on the NRHP

Non-high tech companies in Ann Arbor include Domino's Pizza, headquartered on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city.[108] Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names.[109] Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is headquartered in Ann Arbor[110] as is Pinkerton, a detective and private security firm.[111] Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student housing cooperative founded in 1937.[112] There are also three cohousing communities—Sunward, Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits.[113]

Culture

[edit]
Main article: Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan
A photograph of the sign for the Michigan Theater
Michigan Theater is the location of the Ann Arbor Film Festival, the Ann Arbor Symphony, and the Ann Arbor Concert Band

Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown.[114] Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, The Ark,[115] and Performance Network Theatre.[116] State Theatre and the adjacent Michigan Theater are a movie palace and a performing arts center, respectively.[115] Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.[117]

The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, an interactive science center, is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station.[118] The Ann Arbor Art Center is a nonprofit that organizes art activities and exhibitions.[119] Aside from the Ann Arbor District Library, which maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building, and being the home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library,[120] Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita.[121]

A photograph of a crowd of people walking between white tents at the Ann Arbor Art Fairs
2019 Ann Arbor Art Fairs

Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors.[122] Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.[123]

Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.[124]

A photograph of a small, red door on the side of a building.
A fairy door at Red Shoes

A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town".[125] With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor"[126] or "25 square miles surrounded by reality."[127] In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants."[128] Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.[129]

Sports

[edit]

Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium and the third-largest stadium of any kind in the world with a capacity of 107,601.[130][131] The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House" due to its status as the largest American football stadium.[132] Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively.[133] Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.[134]

In semi-professional sports Ann Arbor is represented in the NPSL by AFC Ann Arbor, a soccer club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.[135]

Opening in the summer of 2014, the city funded Ann Arbor Skatepark, is a 30,000-square-foot skatepark in located within Veterans Memorial Park.[136] At the opening of the skatepark, professional skateboarders skated the park including Tony Hawk, Andy Macdonald, Alex Sorgente, and Tony Magnusson.[137][138][139]

Government

[edit]
See also: List of mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan
A photograph of the front facade of the Washtenaw County Courthouse
Washtenaw County Courthouse

As the county seat of Washtenaw County, the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. Seven judges serve on the court.[140] The 15th Michigan district court, which serves only the city itself, is located within the Ann Arbor Justice Center, immediately next to city hall. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit are also located in downtown Ann Arbor, at the federal building on Liberty Street.[141][142][143][144]

In the Michigan Legislature, the city is split between Districts 23, 33, 47, and 48 in the Michigan House of Representatives. In the Michigan Senate, Ann Arbor is covered by Districts 14 and 15.[145] Ann Arbor is within the 6th congressional district, currently represented by Debbie Dingell.[146]

A photograph of the front facade of the Washtenaw County Administration Building
Washtenaw County Administration Building

Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor elected at-large during midterm years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years.[147] The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014.[148] Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.[149] While Democrats, as of 2024, hold the mayorship and all ten council seats,[150] Ann Arbor has two major political factions.[151] A major source of this local divide is differences in views on the city's growth.[152]

Current Ann Arbor City Council Members[153]
Ward Council Member Party Term
1 Lisa Disch Democrat 2020-2024
1 Cynthia Harrison Democrat 2022-2016
2 Linh Song Democrat 2020-2024
2 Chris Watson Democrat 2022-2026
3 Travis Radina Democrat 2020-2024
3 Ayesha Ghazi Edwin Democrat 2022-2026
4 Jen Eyer Democrat 2020-2024
4 Dharma Akmon Democrat 2022-2024
5 Erica Briggs Democrat 2020-2024
5 Jenn Cornell Democrat 2022-2026

Education

[edit]

Primary and secondary education

[edit]
Main article: Ann Arbor Public Schools

Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. For the 2021–2022 school year, 17,070 students were enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools.[154] Notable schools include Pioneer, Huron, Skyline, Community high schools, Pathways to Success Academic Campus, and Ann Arbor Open School.[155] The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.[156] The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968.[157]

Ann Arbor is home to several private schools,[158] including Emerson School, the Father Gabriel Richard High School, Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor (a PreK–12 Waldorf school), Clonlara School, Michigan Islamic Academy, and Greenhills School, a prep school. The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK–12) of the Global Educational Excellence (GEE) charter school company,[159] Washtenaw Technical Middle College, and Honey Creek Community School.[160]

Higher education

[edit]

The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctive college-town character. University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.[161]

Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution, and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009,[162] and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.[163][164][165]

Media

[edit]
A photograph of the Ann Arbor News building
Ann Arbor News building

The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year daily print run in 2009 due to economic difficulties, and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor.com.[166] Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper.[167] The publication resumed using its former name in 2013, and also produces a daily digital edition named MLive.com.[168] Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly.[169] The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.[170]

Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper;[171] the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly.[172] The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver[173] magazine and Automobile Magazine[174] are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.[175]

Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming.[176] The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.[177]

Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market. WPXD channel 31, the owned-and-operated Detroit outlet of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. Until its sign-off on August 31, 2017, WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, was broadcast from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations.[178] Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be seen in parts of the area.[177]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Healthcare

[edit]
See caption
Barton Dam
See caption
Argo Dam

The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor,[179] and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township.[180]

Utilities

[edit]

The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River—Argo, Barton, Geddes, and Superior—of which Barton and Superior provide hydroelectric power.[181][182]

The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service.[183] Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast.[184]

Transportation

[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Ann Arbor, Michigan

The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways: I-94, which runs along the southern and western portion of the city; U.S. Highway 23 (US 23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and M-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways include US 12 (Michigan Ave.), M-17 (Washtenaw Ave.), and M-153 (Ford Rd.). Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas.[185] The Washtenaw County Border-to-Border Trail connects Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti, mostly along the Huron River, for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized transportation.[186][187]

See caption
An AAATA bus at a stop at the Blake Transit Center

The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA), which brands itself as "TheRide", operates public bus services throughout the city and nearby Ypsilanti. The AAATA operates the Blake Transit Center on Fourth Ave. in downtown Ann Arbor, and the Ypsilanti Transit Center. A separate zero-fare bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses. In 2019, 36% of trips in Ann Arbor were taken by walking, biking or transit.[188]

Since April 2012, the "AirRide" connects to Detroit Metro Airport a dozen times a day.[189] Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service.[190] The Michigan Flyer, a service operated by Indian Trails, cooperates with AAATA for their AirRide and additionally offers bus service to East Lansing.[191] Megabus has direct service to Chicago, Illinois,[192] while a bus service is provided by Amtrak Thruway for rail passengers making connections to services in East Lansing and Toledo, Ohio.[193]

Amtrak, which provides service to the city at the Ann Arbor Train Station, operates the Wolverine train between Chicago and Pontiac via Detroit. The present-day train station neighbors the city's old Michigan Central Depot, which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970.[194] Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small, city-run general aviation airport located south of I-94.[195]

Sister cities

[edit]

Ann Arbor has seven sister cities:[196][197]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ From 15% sample.[90]
  2. ^ The crime rate per 100,000 is based on the 2022 population of 119,871 in relation to the number of reported crimes in 2022.[92]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "City of Ann Arbor: Departments". 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  3. ^ United States Census Bureau (December 29, 2022). "2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications". Federal Register.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g QuickFacts: Ann Arbor city, Michigan; UNITED STATES, United States Census Bureau, retrieved September 10, 2024
  5. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  6. ^ "Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Washtenaw County, MI". Federal Reserve Economic Data. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  7. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ann Arbor, Michigan
  8. ^ "Bibliography on Washtenaw County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  9. ^ "QuickFacts: Ann Arbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  10. ^ "1824–1859: Education. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974". Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  11. ^ "Why Ann Arbor: Industries". Ann Arbor Spark. 2024. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  12. ^ Walker, p.65
  13. ^ Van Zandt, pp. 65–71
  14. ^ Edmonds, R. David (1978), The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire, University of Oklahoma, p. 99
  15. ^ Hinsdale, W. B. (1927). The Indians of Washtenaw County, Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.,: G. Wahr.
  16. ^ Stanton, Ryan (May 19, 2024). "'On stolen land.' Before Ann Arbor was Ann Arbor, it was home to Native Americans". MLive.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2024.
  17. ^ "Past Ann Arbor Mayors & History". www.a2gov.org. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  18. ^ Stevens, Wystan (April 4, 1973). "Yesterday - a birthday for the far country". The Ann Arbor News. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  19. ^ Marwil, p. 1
  20. ^ "Village of Ann Arbour". aadl.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  21. ^ Marwil, pp. 1–2
  22. ^ Michigan State Historical Society, Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1964). Michigan History Magazine. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 31.
  23. ^ Marwil, p. 4
  24. ^ Marwil, p. 7
  25. ^ Marwil, p. 13
  26. ^ "1824–1859: Education. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974". Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  27. ^ a b Marwil, p. 49
  28. ^ Marwil, p. 16
  29. ^ "1824–1859: Government and Growth. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974". Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  30. ^ Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan, State of Michigan, p. 644
  31. ^ "1880–1899: Setbacks and Renewed Growth. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974". Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  32. ^ a b "1900–1919: Population and Economic Growth. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974". Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  33. ^ a b "About Us", www.bethisrael-aa.org, Beth Israel Congregation Ann Arbor, archived from the original on January 29, 2020, retrieved March 5, 2013
  34. ^ "Guy Larcom's name peeled from exterior of city hall, but building will remain named in his honor". Annarbor.com. April 14, 2011. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  35. ^ Marwil, p. 153
  36. ^ "1940–1974: From Protest to Outer Space. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974". Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  37. ^ Restivo, Terrence R. (March 22, 2006). The Building of a New Left Conglomerate in the City of Ann Arbor: Voice, Action Movement and the Human Rights Party (1965–1975) (PDF) (MA thesis). McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts, Duquesne University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  38. ^ "History". Thomas More Law Center. 2009. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  39. ^ Local groups and initiatives, Anthroposophical Society in America, retrieved July 8, 2009.
  40. ^ "Inside the Eastside: History of East Ann Arbor, Michigan (MI)". Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  41. ^ "Fragmented forests: Tree cover, urban sprawl both increased in Southeast Michigan over the past 30 years | University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability". seas.umich.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  42. ^ "Ann Arbor Parks and Greenbelt Proposal". Friends of Ann Arbor Open Space. March 2, 2004. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  43. ^ McGovern, Judy (May 18, 2009). "Ann Arbor seeks grants for greenbelt land". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  44. ^ Fernandez, Celia (February 25, 2024). "These are the 10 U.S. cities with the best quality of life—none are in Florida". CNBC. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  45. ^ "Past Ann Arbor Mayors & History". www.a2gov.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  46. ^ "City Council". www.a2gov.org. City if Ann Arbor. n.d. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  47. ^ Stanton, Ryan (May 30, 2020). "Ann Arbor may close downtown streets to expand patio areas for bars, restaurants". mlive. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  48. ^ Pair, Jordyn (August 17, 2021). "Downtown Ann Arbor street closures to continue through Nov. 1". mlive. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  49. ^ "Downtown Ann Arbor street closures expected to return to boost businesses, walkability". WEMU-FM. March 6, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  50. ^ "Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). OMB Bulletin No. 13-01. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  51. ^ "Washtenaw County Urbanized Areas".
  52. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ann Arbor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
  53. ^ Geoff Larcom (August 30, 2004). "How to Get Your Head in the Clouds". Ann Arbor News. p. B-1.
  54. ^ "KARB—Ann Arbor Municipal Airport". Federal Aviation Administration at Airnav.com. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  55. ^ "Fun Facts". Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau. 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
  56. ^ Davis, Tracy (April 2, 2007). "Last of street ash trees cut down". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  57. ^ Stanton, Ryan (March 19, 2023). "From Allmendinger to Wurster, see who Ann Arbor's parks are named after". MLive.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023.
  58. ^ "General Parks Information". Ann Arbor City Government. 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  59. ^ "Nichols Arboretum—University of Michigan". Michigan Economic Development Corporation (Michigan.org). 2007. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  60. ^ "Visitor Guide & Map" (PDF). Matthaei Botanical Gardens University of Michigan. June 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  61. ^ Biolchini, Amy (July 27, 2014). "Sleeping assets: Ann Arbor Public Schools owns nearly 200 acres of undeveloped land in city". MLive.com. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  62. ^ Stanton, Ryan J. (January 22, 2013). "Ann Arbor has 4,100 acres of protected land under its Greenbelt after 2012 purchases". The Ann Arbor News. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  63. ^ "University of Michigan expansion: Buying land in Ann Arbor raises questions about tax base". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  64. ^ "Community Facts and Figures". UofM Government Relations. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  65. ^ "UM President's House, 1840". aadl.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  66. ^ "Downtown Districts | Ann Arbor, MI". www.annarbor.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  67. ^ "Ann Arbor Downtown Walking Map" (PDF). Ann Arbor Downtown Development Authority.
  68. ^ "Tower Plaza, Ann Arbor". Emporis Buildings. 2007. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  69. ^ Szumko, Stefan (March 30, 2011). "Walking tour hits the fairy doors of Ann Arbor". Ann Arbor News. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  70. ^ a b "Master Plans—General Information". Ann Arbor City Government. 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  71. ^ "Ann Arbor Farmers' Market". Ann Arbor City Government. 2007. Archived from the original on November 5, 2005. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  72. ^ "Downtown Plan" (PDF). Ann Arbor City Government. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  73. ^ "Neighborhood Association". Old West Side Association. 2007. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  74. ^ "Washtenaw County Resource Assessment" (PDF). Washtenaw County Conservation District. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  75. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  76. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  77. ^ "Station: Ann Arbor U of Mich, MI". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  78. ^ "1824–1859: Government and Growth". Pictorial History of Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor District Library. 2003. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
  79. ^ "Historical Population and Employment by Minor Civil Division, Southeast Michigan" (PDF). Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
  80. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Population Finder". U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  81. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Washtenaw County, Michigan Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census". Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  82. ^ Hassoun, Rosina J. (October 24, 2005), Arab Americans in Michigan (Discovering the Peoples of Michigan), MSU Press, p. PT21, ISBN 1609170466, However, there are other, smaller Arab-American communities in other cities in Michigan.[...]
  83. ^ Stone, Cal (April 11, 2013). "State's Japanese employees increasing". Observer & Eccentric. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  84. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Michigan – DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census. 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  85. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Michigan – S0101: Age and Sex". United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  86. ^ a b "Ann Arbor city, Michigan – S2001: Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2022 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars)". United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  87. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Michigan – S1701: Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months". United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  88. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Washtenaw County, Michigan Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census". Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  89. ^ "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)". Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  90. ^ a b c d "Michigan - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990" (PDF), www.census.gov, United States Census Bureau, archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2019, retrieved December 7, 2017
  91. ^ "Crime Data Explorer: Ann Arbor Police Department". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2024. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024.
  92. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Michigan – DP05: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  93. ^ "Ann Arbor Business Profile" (PDF). City of Ann Arbor, Planning and Development Services. January 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  94. ^ "Ann Arbor, MI". U.S. News & World Report. 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  95. ^ Mahon, Morgan E. (1990). "A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950". Antiques Electronics Supply: 100–1.
  96. ^ "Contact Us". 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009 – via ProQuest.
  97. ^ "Duo Security bolsters region's technology profile". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  98. ^ Hackett, Robert (August 2, 2018). "Cisco Buys Duo Security for $2.35 Billion". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  99. ^ "KLA Debuts New Portfolio of Automotive Chip Testing Products". Click on Detroit. November 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  100. ^ Bomey, Nathan (August 29, 2010). "Michigan Information Technology Center dissolving after Ann Arbor nonprofit lost $4.6M over 3 years". Business Review. AnnArbor.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  101. ^ Goodman, David N. (July 11, 2006). "Google Plans to Open Facility in Michigan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  102. ^ "Michigan Game Studios Database". IGDA Ann Arbor. 2022. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  103. ^ "IGDA Ann Arbor". IGDA Ann Arbor. 2022. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  104. ^ "U-M to buy Pfizer's former Ann Arbor property". University of Michigan News Service. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  105. ^ "National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory". United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  106. ^ "Our Business—Research & Development". Toyota Motor North America, Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  107. ^ Nathan Bomey and Greg Migliore (November 15, 2007). "Company of 2007: NSF International". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  108. ^ Migliore, Greg (November 15, 2007). "Commercial Real Estate winner: Domino's Farms". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  109. ^ Albanese, Erin (September 1, 2008). "Zingerman's recipe for success will be served". The Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  110. ^ Meisler, Dan (April 18, 2008). "Aviation fuel co. plans Ann Arbor HQ expansion". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  111. ^ "Contact Us". pinkerton.com. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  112. ^ "About ICC—Inter-Cooperative Council". Inter-Cooperative Council, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. 2007. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  113. ^ "Communities Directory". Fellowship for Intentional Community. 2010. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  114. ^ Matthaei-Nichols (April 9, 2015). "Shakespeare in the Arb: Fifteen Years of Outdoor Theater Magic". Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  115. ^ a b "The Annual Arts & Cultural Guide - Your Guide to the Arts and Culture in the Greater Ann Arbor Area" (PDF). The Arts Alliance. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2022.
  116. ^ "About". Performance Network Theatre. 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  117. ^ Headlee, Celeste (May 9, 2006). "The Wee Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor, Mich". NPR. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  118. ^ Shackman, Grace (November 1996). "The firehouse and the Hands-on Museum". Ann Arbor Observer. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024.
  119. ^ "About Us". The Ann Arbor Art Center. 2024. Archived from the original on September 15, 2024.
  120. ^ "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum". Presidential Libraries System – National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  121. ^ "Ann Arbor Guide 2003–4". Ecurrent.com. 2003–2004. Archived from the original on December 10, 2004. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  122. ^ "About—Mission & History". Ann Arbor Street Art Fair. 2006. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  123. ^ "About". Ann Arbor Film Festival. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
  124. ^ "40 years of Hash Bash: Marijuana festival started in 1972 in Ann Arbor stands test of time". Ann Arbor.com. March 31, 2011. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  125. ^ "About U-M SSW—Ann Arbor". University of Michigan School of Social Work. 2009. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  126. ^ Bakopoulos, Dean (April 17, 1997). "Places I'll remember: A farewell to Ann Arbor". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  127. ^ "Welcome to Ann Arbor". The Ann Arbor News. Booth Newspapers. 2007. Archived from the original on June 21, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  128. ^ Grass, Michael (September 2, 2002). "A2, a training ground for life's finer experiences". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023.
  129. ^ Postellon DC (March 2008). "Hall and Keynes join Arbor in the citation indexes". Nature. 452 (7185): 282. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..282P. doi:10.1038/452282b. PMID 18354457.
  130. ^ Schultz, Marisa (December 24, 2007). "Battle over Michigan Stadium has national implications". The Detroit News.
  131. ^ "U-M Announces New Seating Capacity for Michigan Stadium". www.mgoblue.com. August 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  132. ^ "Michigan Stadium". MGoBlue.com. June 5, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  133. ^ "University of Michigan Athletics Facilities". MGoBlue.com. 2009. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  134. ^ "Concordia University Athletics". Concordia University—Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2009. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  135. ^ "Club History - AFC Ann Arbor". AFC Ann Arbor. 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
  136. ^ "Veterans Memorial Park". www.a2gov.org. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  137. ^ "Ann Arbor Skatepark". www.annarbor.org. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  138. ^ Askins, Dave (June 21, 2014). "The Ann Arbor Chronicle | Photos: Skatepark Grand Opening". Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  139. ^ Askins, Dave (May 19, 2014). "The Ann Arbor Chronicle | Column: Tony Hawk in Ann Arbor". Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  140. ^ "Washtenaw County Trial Court". Washtenawtrialcourt.org. February 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  141. ^ "The Ugliest Building in Ann Arbor? | Ann Arbor District Library". Aadl.org. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  142. ^ "Downtown Ann Arbor's Federal Building in line for green upgrades". Concentratemedia.com. April 8, 2009. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  143. ^ "Locations, Driving Directions, Parking". United States District Court – Eastern District of Michigan. 2009. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  144. ^ "Ann Arbor courthouse". February 22, 2012. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  145. ^ "Michigan District Locator". State of Michigan. 2024. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  146. ^ "Michigan's 6th Congressional District". GovTrack. 2024. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  147. ^ "City Council". www.a2gov.org. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  148. ^ "Government". Ann Arbor City Council. 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  149. ^ "Charter for the City of Ann Arbor, Michigan" (PDF). Ann Arbor City Government. April 9, 1956. pp. 9, 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  150. ^ "City Council". Ann Arbor City Government. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  151. ^ Stanton, Ryan (December 30, 2021). "Ann Arbor is one of Michigan's great cities, so why is its government such a mess?". mlive. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  152. ^ "Critic of Ann Arbor's fast pace of growth faces 8-year incumbent in mayor's race". Michigan Radio. November 2, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  153. ^ "City Council". www.a2gov.org. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  154. ^ "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Ann Arbor Public Schools". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  155. ^ "Directory of Schools". Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  156. ^ "About Our Programs". Ann Arbor Preschool & Family Center. 2009. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  157. ^ "The Cubs of the Wolverines". Michigan Education Magazine. Winter 2018. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  158. ^ "City Guide—Private Schools". Arborweb.com. 2009. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  159. ^ "GEE Academies Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine." Global Educational Excellence. Retrieved on September 1, 2015.
  160. ^ "Chart Schools Map". Ann Arbor Observer. 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  161. ^ Cochran, Jason (October 2002). "Ann Arbor, Michigan". Budget Travel. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  162. ^ Brannock, Jennifer (February 25, 2007). "Florida vs. Michigan: Ave Maria law school not a game to them". Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  163. ^ Paula Gardner. "Cooley Law move into Ave Maria space good news for office real estate market". MLive. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  164. ^ "Thomas Cooley opens new branch in old Ave Maria building". The National Jurist. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  165. ^ "Law school's lease of former Ave Maria site keeps area vibrant". Annarbor. November 7, 2009. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  166. ^ Murray, Stefanie (March 23, 2009). "Ann Arbor News to Close in July". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  167. ^ Edmonds, Rick (June 16, 2009). "Why Ann Arbor Will be the First City to Lose its Only Daily Newspaper | Poynter". Poynter. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  168. ^ Zorn, Eric (July 19, 2019). "10 years later, the death of its daily newspaper still haunts my hometown". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  169. ^ "Ann Arbor Publications". Arborweb.com. 2007. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  170. ^ "Hard Times at the Ann Arbor News". Ann Arbor Observer. January 2009.
  171. ^ "Ann Arbor Journal – regional and local news". Heritage.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  172. ^ "Ann Arbor Current | Alternative Weekly Network | AWN Directory". Print.awn.org. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  173. ^ Migliore, Greg (March 6, 2008). "Car and Driver cruising to new Ann Arbor offices". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  174. ^ "Vile Gossip", Jean Jennings, Automobile Magazine, November 2007
  175. ^ "About the Daily". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  176. ^ "Radio Broadcasting Stations—Ann Arbor MI". RadioStationWorld. 2007. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  177. ^ a b "Southeast Michigan Radio and TV Dial Guide". Michiguide. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  178. ^ "Community Television Network". Ann Arbor City Government. 2007. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
  179. ^ "VA Ann Arbor Healthcase System—About this Facility". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. July 10, 2007. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  180. ^ "St. Joseph Mercy Hospital". Saint Joseph Mercy Health System. 2009. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  181. ^ "Water Treatment". City of Ann Arbor. 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  182. ^ City of Ann Arbor (2020). "Dams and Hydros". City of Ann Arbor. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  183. ^ "About Us". Recycle Ann Arbor. 2007. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  184. ^ "Arborweb—City Guide". Ann Arbor Observer. 2009. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  185. ^ Official 2007 Department of Transportation Map (Map). 1 in:15 mi/1 cm:9 km. Michigan Department of Transportation. 2007. § C1–C11. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  186. ^ "Explore the Border to Border Trail". Border to Border. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  187. ^ Gallippo, Eric (December 14, 2016). "B2B Trail, Ypsi bike lanes to expand in 2017". Concentrate. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  188. ^ Sumerton, Amy (July 25, 2023). "Transit in Transition". Ann Arbor Observer. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  189. ^ "New AirRide bus travels between Ann Arbor and Detroit Metro". Michigan Radio. March 30, 2012. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  190. ^ "Greyhound Relocates in Ann Arbor, Michigan" (Press release). Greyhound Lines, Inc. July 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  191. ^ "Michigan Flyer—Home". Michigan Flyer. 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  192. ^ "Trip to Ann Arbor". Megabus. 2024. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  193. ^ "Lake Shore Limited Route Timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. August 12, 2024. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  194. ^ Drukas, Alexander J. (March 27, 2008). "Ann Arbor's classic brunch still delights". MLive.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  195. ^ "Ann Arbor Airport". City of Ann Arbor. 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  196. ^ "About our services". University of Michigan International Center. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008. Our International Visitor Leadership Program coordinator also serves as the University of Michigan's official representative to the City of Ann Arbor's Sister City Program, which manages relationships with six sister cities: Tübingen, Germany; Hikone, Japan; Dakar, Senegal; Juigalpa, Nicaragua; Peterborough, Canada; and Belize City, Belize.
  197. ^ Ann Arbor City Council Minutes (November 6, 2003). Ann Arbor City Government.
  198. ^ The German-American Partnership Program Archived November 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Huron High School, July 26, 2019
  199. ^ Cavanagh, Tara. "Videos: Hikone-Ann Arbor exchange provides lessons in culture, lifelong friendships Archived August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." Ann Arbor Public Schools. Date unstated.
  200. ^ Hans, Casey. "Hikone delegation comes to Ann Arbor for 32nd cultural exchange Archived August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." Ann Arbor Public Schools. Date unstated.

Works cited

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Arbor,_Michigan&oldid=1259724071"