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al-Ma'arri

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Abu al-'Ala' al-Ma'arri
al-Ma'arri by Kahlil Gibran
BornDecember 973
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo
DiedMay 1057 (aged 83)
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Mirdasid Emirate of Aleppo
EraPost-classical era
RegionMiddle Eastern philosophy
School
Main interests
Poetry, skepticism, ethics, antinatalism
Notable ideas
Veganism

Abu al-Ala Ahmad ibn Abd Allah ibn Sulayman al-Tanukhi al-Ma'arri (Arabic: أبو العلاء أحمد بن عبد الله بن سليمان التنوخي المعري, romanized: ʾAbū al-ʿAlāʾ Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaymān al-Tanūkhī al-Maʿarrī; December 973 – May 1057),[1] also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis;[2] was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria.[3] Because of his controversially irreligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists" of his time according to Nasser Rabbat.[3]

Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria) during the later Abbasid era, he became blind at a young age from smallpox but nonetheless studied in nearby Aleppo, then in Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect.

Described as a "pessimistic freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial rationalist of his time,[3] rejecting superstition and dogmatism. His written works exhibit a fixation on the study of language and its historical development, known as philology.[1][4] He was pessimistic about life, describing himself as "a double prisoner" of blindness and isolation. He attacked religious dogmas and practices,[5][6] was equally critical and sarcastic about Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Zoroastrianism,[4][5][6] and became a deist.[4][6] He advocated social justice and lived a secluded, ascetic lifestyle.[1][3] He was a vegan, known in his time as a moral vegetarian, entreating: "Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals / Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for their young."[7] Al-Ma'arri held an antinatalist outlook, in line with his general pessimism, suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of the pains and suffering of life.[1] Saqt az-Zand, Luzūmiyyāt, and Risalat al-Ghufran are among his main works.

Life

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Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria), southwest of Aleppo, whence his nisba ("al-Ma'arri"). At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third Islamic caliphate, during the Islamic Golden Age.[8] He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Ma'arra, belonging to the larger Tanukh tribe.[1][9][10] One of his ancestors was probably the first qadi of Ma'arra. The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets.[11] He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox. Later in his life he regarded himself as "a double prisoner", which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life.[3][12]

He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Ma'arra and Aleppo, then in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh.[11][12] This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE, when al-Ma'arri was still a child.[13] Al-Ma'arri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his Risālat al-Ghufrān.[14] Al-Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli, al-Ma'arri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to Hellenistic philosophy debates that birthed his secularism, but other historians such as Ibn al-Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine.[14]

In 1004–05, al-Ma'arri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an elegy where he praised his father.[14] Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in the literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure.[14] After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Ma'arri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works.[1] He returned to his native town of Ma'arra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival.[8]

He remained in Ma'arra for the rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict moral vegetarian diet.[15] His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town.[14] In that incident, al-Ma'arri went to Aleppo to intercede with its Mirdasid emir, Salih ibn Mirdas, to release his brother Abu'l-Majd and several other Muslim notables from Ma'arra who were held responsible for destroying a winehouse whose Christian owner was accused of molesting a Muslim woman.[14] Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others.[16] He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad.[1] Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and was the most revered person in his area.[8] Al-Ma'arri never married and died in May 1057 in his home town.[1][12]

Philosophy

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Opposition to religion

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Al-Ma'arri was a skeptic[3] who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker. Throughout his philosophical works, one of the recurring themes that he expounded upon at length was the idea that reason holds a privileged position over traditions. In his view, relying on the preconceptions and established norms of society can be limiting and prevent individuals from fully exploring their own capabilities.[12][17] Al-Ma'arri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses.[18]

Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce.[19]

Al-Ma'arri criticized many of the dogmas of Islam, such as the Hajj, which he called "a pagan's journey".[20] He rejected claims of any divine revelation and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic, for whom reason provides a moral guide, and virtue is its own reward.[21][22] His secularist views included both Judaism and Christianity as well. Al-Ma'arri remarked that monks in their cloisters or devotees in their mosques were blindly following the beliefs of their locality: if they were born among Magians or Sabians they would have become Magians or Sabians.[23] Encapsulating his view on organized religion, he once stated: "The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains."[24][25]

Asceticism

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Al-Ma'arri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence.[8] In Baghdad, while being well received, he decided not to sell his texts, which made it difficult for him to live.[1] This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in India during his time.[16]

Veganism

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In al-Ma'arri's later years he chose to stop consuming meat and all other animal products (i.e., he became a practicing vegan). He wrote:[26]

Do not unjustly eat fish the water has given up, and do not
      desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals,
Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for
      their young, not for noble ladies.
And do not grieve the unsuspecting birds by taking their eggs;
      for injustice is the worst of crimes.
And spare the honey which the bees get industriously
      from the flowers of fragrant plants;
For they did not store it that it might belong to others, nor did
      they gather it for bounty and gifts.
I washed my hands of all this; and wish that I had perceived
      my way before my hair went gray![27]

Antinatalism

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Al-Ma'arri's fundamental pessimism is expressed in his antinatalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life.[28] In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life:

Soften your tread. Methinks the earth's surface is but bodies of the dead,
Walk slowly in the air, so you do not trample on the remains of God's servants.[1]

Al-Ma'arri's self-composed epitaph, on his tomb, states (in regard to life and being born): "This is my father's crime against me, which I myself committed against none."[29]

Modern views

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Al-Ma'arri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the Arab world.[16] In 2013, almost a thousand years after his death, the al-Nusra Front, a branch of al-Qaeda, demolished a statue of al-Ma'arri during the Syrian Civil War.[30] The statue had been crafted by the sculptor Fathi Muhammad.[11] The motive behind the destruction is disputed; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the Assad family.[30]

Works

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Poem from Luzūmīyāt, read in Arabic
The restrictive rhyme and meter can be heard in the start of poem 197[31]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

An early collection of his poems appeared as The Tinder Spark (Saqṭ az-Zand; سقط الزند). The collection of poems included praise of people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid ruler Sa'd al-Dawla. It gained popularity and established his reputation as a poet. A few poems in the collection were about armour.[1] A second, more original collection appeared under the title Unnecessary Necessity (Luzūm mā lam yalzam لزوم ما لا يلزم), or simply Necessities (Luzūmīyāt اللزوميات). The title refers to how al-Ma'arri saw the business of living and alludes to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used.[1]

His third work is a work of prose known as The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risalat al-Ghufran رسالة الغفران). The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al-Qarih, whom al-Ma'arri mocks for his religious views.[13][32] In this work, the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period. This view is shared by Islamic scholars, who often argued that pre-Islamic Arabs are indeed capable of entering paradise.[33]

Because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise, the Risalat al-Ghufran has been compared to the Divine Comedy of Dante[34] which came hundreds of years after. The work has also been noted to be similar to Ibn Shuhayd's Risala al-tawabi' wa al-zawabi, though there is no evidence that al-Ma'arri was inspired by Ibn Shuhayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by al-Ma'arri.[35] Algeria reportedly banned The Epistle of Forgiveness from the International Book Fair held in Algiers in 2007.[8][30]

Paragraphs and Periods (al-Fuṣūl wa al-Ghāyāt) is a collection of homilies. The work has also been called a parody of the Quran.[1][better source needed] Al-Ma'arri also composed a significant corpus of verse riddles.[36]

  • Saqt al-Zand
    Saqt al-Zand
  • Risalat al-Gufran
    Risalat al-Gufran

Editions

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  • Risalat al-Ghufran, a Divine Comedy. Translated by G. Brackenbury 1943.
  • The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume One: A Vision of Heaven and Hell. Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2013.
  • The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2014.
  • Those riddles of al-Maʿarrī that are cited in al-Ḥaẓīrī's twelfth-century Kitāb al-Iʿjāz fī l-aḥājī wa-l-alghāz have been edited as Abū l-ʿAlāˀ al-Maʿarrī, Dīwān al-alġāz, riwāyat Abī l-Maʿālī al-Ḥaẓīrī, ed. by Maḥmūd ʿAbdarraḥīm Ṣāliḥ (Riyadh [1990]).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "al-Maʿarrī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  2. ^ Or more often simply Abulola; see Catalogue of Arabic Books in the British Museum, vol. 1, 1894 (p. 115); Christianus Benedictus Michaelis, Dissertatio philologica de historia linguae Arabicae, 1706 (p. 25); in an English context: Charles Hole, A Brief Biographical Dictionary ( p. 3).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Tharoor, Kanishk; Maruf, Maryam (8 March 2016). "Museum of Lost Objects: The Unacceptable Poet". BBC News. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Lloyd Ridgeon (2003), Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present, Routledge: London, page 257. ISBN 0-415-29796-6
  5. ^ a b James Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Part 2, page 190. Kessinger Publishing.
  6. ^ a b c Ma'arrat al-Nuʿman, The Luzumiyat, stanza 35.
  7. ^ "Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals". Humanistictexts.org (in poem #14). Archived from the original on 5 March 2001.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Al-Ma'arri – Visionary Free Thinker, The Genius of Disability, The Essay". BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  9. ^ 1940 أبو العلاء المعري: نسبه وأخباره وشعره ومعتقده، تأليف أحمد تيمور باشا، ص.3، ط
  10. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios, Islam and the Divine comedy, Routledge, 1968, ISBN 978-0-7146-1995-8, p. 55
  11. ^ a b c "The 11th Century poet who pissed off al-Qaeda | All About History". historyanswers.co.uk. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d Hitti, Philip Khuri (1971). Islam: A Way of Life. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-1040-6.
  13. ^ a b al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala (1 January 2014). Epistle of Forgiveness: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814768969.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1 January 1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive.
  15. ^ D. S. Margoliouth, Abu 'l-ʿAla al-Ma'arri's correspondence on vegetarianism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 289.
  16. ^ a b c "Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  17. ^ "Al Ma'arri". Humanistictexts.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  18. ^ Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, A Literary History of the Arabs, page 318. Routledge
  19. ^ Hastings, James (1909). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 190.
  20. ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 319.
  21. ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 317.
  22. ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 323.
  23. ^ Reynold A. Nicholson Adapted from Studies in Islamic Poetry Cambridge University Press, 1921, Cambridge, England. pp. 1–32
  24. ^ Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Schocken Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.
  25. ^ The full poem (in Arabic) to be found e.g. on arabic-poetry.com Archived 1 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine and www.aldiwan.net (direct links to the poem).
  26. ^ "Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals". Humanistictexts.org (in poem #14). Archived from the original on 5 March 2001.
  27. ^ "The Meditations of Al-Maʿarri", Studies in Islamic Poetry (1921) by Reynold A. Nicholson, Verse 197, pages 134-135
  28. ^ Fisk, Robert (22 December 2013). "Syrian rebels have taken iconoclasm to new depths, with shrines, statues and even a tree destroyed – but to what end?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  29. ^ Blankinship, Kevin (20 September 2015). "An Elegy by al-Ma'arri". Jadaliyya. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  30. ^ a b c France24, "Jihadists behead statue of Syrian poet Abul Ala al-Maari", 14 February 2013
  31. ^ Reynold Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry and Mysticism, 1921, p. 134.
  32. ^ al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala; Gelder, Geert Jan Van; Schoeler, Gregor (2014). The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 9780814768969.
  33. ^ "The Fate of Non-Muslims: Perspectives on Salvation Outside of Islam". Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  34. ^ William Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain, 2nd edition, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, pp. 125–126, ISBN 0-7486-0847-8.
  35. ^ Leaman, Oliver (16 July 2015). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472569462.
  36. ^ Pieter Smoor, 'The Weeping Wax Candle and Ma'arrī's Wisdom-tooth: Night Thoughts and Riddles from the Gāmi' al-awzān', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 138 (1988), 283-312.

Sources

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