Littorina

Littorina
	Two shells of the Common periwinkle, Littorina littorea
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Littorinidae
Subfamily:	Littorininae
Genus:	Littorina; Férussac, 1822
Type species
	Turbo littoreus; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	See text.
Synonyms
	Algaroda Dall, 1918; Bacalia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Brevilittorina Golikov, Dolgolenko, Maximovich & Scarlato, 1990; Cricostoma Mørch, 1857; Ezolittorina Habe, 1958; Litorina Menke, 1828; Littorelaea Leach, 1847; Turbinarius Duméril, 1806;

Littorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.^[2]

These small snails live in the tidal zone of rocky shores.

Overview

In Europe there are about nine species in this genus, one of which is the rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792). Another closely related (supposed) species Littorina tenebrosa (Montagu 1802) was thought to be distinct because of its different ecological requirements, but current studies have shown that it is not at all clear whether the two are indeed separate species or whether L. tenebrosa is perhaps merely an ecotype (an ecological form) of L. saxatilis.^[3]

Littorina has given its name to the Littorina Sea, the geologic precursor of the Baltic Sea.

Distribution

The periwinkles are found on the seashore in the littoral zone and sublittoral zone in all parts of the world. In the Baltic they live within the influence of freshwater, and frequently become distorted in consequence.

Description

The thick, pointed shell is turbinated and has few whorls. The aperture is rounded. The outer lip is acute. The columella is rather flattened and imperforate. The operculum is paucispiral. The lingual teeth are hooked and trilobed. The uncini (small teeth on the radula) are hooked and dentated.^[4]

Species

The type species:Turbo littoreus Linnaeus, 1758 restricts the species in this genus to the northern hemisphere, moderate and cold zones. The tropical species belong in other genera of the same family ^[5]

Species in the genus Littorina include ^[2]

Littorina aleutica Dall, 1872
Littorina arcana Hannaford-Ellis, 1978
Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844)
Littorina compressa Jeffreys, 1865
Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
Littorina horikawai Matsubayashi & Habe in Habe, 1979
Littorina islandica Reid, 1996 †
Littorina kasatka Reid, Zaslavskaya & Sergievsky, 1991
Littorina keenae Rosewater, 1978
Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758), Common periwinkle
Littorina mandshurica (Schrenk, 1861)
Littorina natica Reid, 1996
Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758), flat periwinkle
Littorina petricola Arnold, 1908 †
Littorina plena Gould, 1849
Littorina remondii Gabb, 1866 †
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792), rough periwinkle
Littorina scutulata Gould, 1849, checkered periwinkle
Littorina sitkana Philippi, 1846
Littorina sookensis Clark & Arnold, 1923 †
Littorina squalida Broderip & Sowerby, 1829
Littorina subrotundata (Carpenter, 1864)
Littorina varia ^{[citation needed]}
Littorina zebra ^{[citation needed]}

Species brought into synonymy

Littorina aestuarii Jeffreys, 1865: synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Littorina affinis d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
Littorina angulifera is a synonym for Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822)
Littorina arenica Jay, 1839: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
Litorina arenica Dunker, 1845: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
Littorina canariensis d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
Littorina cingulifera R. W. Dunker, 1845: synonym of Littoraria cingulifera R. W. Dunker, 1845
Litorina globosa Dunker, 1845: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
Littorina granularis Gray, 1839: synonym of Echinolittorina miliaris (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
Littorina lamellosa Souverbie, 1861: synonym of Fossarus lamellosus (Souverbie, 1861)
Littorina marnat Potiez & Michaud, 1838: synonym of Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
Littorina obesa (G.B. Sowerby, 1832): synonym of Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791)
Littorina petraeus (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Littorina planaxis G.B. Sowerby I, 1844: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
Littorina saxatilis jugosa Montagu, 1803: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Littorina saxatilis nigrolineata Gray, 1839: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Littorina striata is a synonym for Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832) ^[6]
Littorina undulata Gray, 1839: synonym of Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839)
Littorina unifasciata antipodum: synonym of Austrolittorina antipodum (Philippi, 1847)
Littorina ziczac is a synonym for Echinolittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791)
Littorina zonaria Bean, 1844: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)

References

^ Férussac A. É d'A de (1822). H.N. g. et p. Moll., Tabl. gén., xxxiv.
^ ^a ^b ^c WoRMS (2011). Littorina Férussac, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138135 on 2011-04-15
^ Gosling, E.M. (2002). The periwinkle as a model in biodiversity studies: a geneticist's view. in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Ulster Museum. publication no. 8
^ George Washington Tryon, Structural and systematic conchology, 1882
^ Bandel, K. & D. Kadolsky (1982). Western Atlantic Species of Nodolittorina (Gastropda: Prosobranchia): comparative morphology and its functional, ecological, phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. Veliger 25 (1): 1-42.
^ S T Williams; D G Reid; D T J Littlewood (2003). "A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism, and biogeography of the Southern Ocean". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 28 (1): 60–86. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00038-1. PMID 12801472. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05.

Reid D.G. (1996). Systematics and evolution of Littorina. The Ray Society 463p

[1] Férussac A. É d'A de (1822). H.N. g. et p. Moll., Tabl. gén., xxxiv.

[WoRMS-2] WoRMS (2011). Littorina Férussac, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138135 on 2011-04-15

[Gosling_02-3] Gosling, E.M. (2002). The periwinkle as a model in biodiversity studies: a geneticist's view. in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Ulster Museum. publication no. 8

[4] George Washington Tryon, Structural and systematic conchology, 1882

[5] Bandel, K. & D. Kadolsky (1982). Western Atlantic Species of Nodolittorina (Gastropda: Prosobranchia): comparative morphology and its functional, ecological, phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. Veliger 25 (1): 1-42.

[Littorininae-6] S T Williams; D G Reid; D T J Littlewood (2003). "A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism, and biogeography of the Southern Ocean". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 28 (1): 60–86. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00038-1. PMID 12801472. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]