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Vas deferens

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Vas deferens
Vertical section of the testis, to show
the arrangement of the ducts
Details
PrecursorMesonephric ducts
ArterySuperior vesical artery, artery of the ductus deferens
LymphExternal iliac lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes
Identifiers
Latinvas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia),
ductus deferens (plural: ductus deferentes)
MeSHD014649
TA98A09.3.05.001
TA23621
FMA19234
Anatomical terminology
3D Medical Illustration showing vas deferens.
3D medical illustration showing vas deferens.

The vas deferens (‹The template Plural form is being considered for merging.› pl.: vasa deferentia), ductus deferens (‹The template Plural form is being considered for merging.› pl.: ductūs deferentes), or sperm duct is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates. In mammals, spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules and flow into the epididymal duct. The end of the epididymis is connected to the vas deferens. The vas deferens ends with an opening into the ejaculatory duct at a point where the duct of the seminal vesicle also joins the ejaculatory duct.[1] The vas deferens is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.

Etymology

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Vas deferens is Latin, meaning "carrying-away vessel" while ductus deferens, also Latin, means "carrying-away duct".[2]

Structure

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The human vas deferens measures 30–35 cm in length, and 2–3 mm in diameter.[3]: 1297  It is continuous proximally with the tail of the epididymis,[3]: 1296  and exhibits a tortuous, convoluted initial/proximal section (which measures 2–3 cm in length). Distally, it forms a dilated and tortuous segment termed the ampulla of vas deferens before ending[3]: 1297  by uniting with a duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.[4] Together they form part of the spermatic cord.[5]

Blood supply

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The vasa deferentia are supplied with blood by accompanying arteries, the (arteries of vas deferens). These arteries normally arises from the superior (sometimes inferior) vesical arteries, a branch of the internal iliac arteries.[6]

Innervation

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The vas deferens receives innervation from an autonomic plexus of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres derived from the inferior hypogastric plexus.[3]: 1297 

It is innervated by a variety of nerve endings, although of the efferent nerves the sympathetic innveration dominates.[7] Adrenergic junctions (those which release noradrenaline) are found in the smooth muscle layers.[8] Cholinergic synapses and vasoactive intestinal peptide synapses are found in the connective tissue of the mucosa.[9]

Anatomical relations

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Within the spermatic cord, the vas deferens is situated posterior (and parallel to) the vessels of the spermatic cord.[3]: 1297 

The vas deferens traverses the inguinal canal to reach the pelvic cavity; it enters the pelvic cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. At the deep inguinal ring, the vas deferens diverges from the testicular vessels to pass medially to reach the base of the prostate posteriorly.[3]: 1297 

Histology

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The vas deferens consists of an external adventitial sheath containing blood vessels and nerves, a muscular middle layer composed of three layers of smooth muscle (with a circular muscle layer interposed between two longitudinal muscle layers), and an internal mucosal lining consisting of pseudostratified columnar epithelium (which bears the non-motile stereocilia).[1][10]

The vas deferens has the greatest muscle-to-lumen ratio of any hollow organ.[3]: 1297 

Function

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During ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens contracts reflexively, thus propelling the sperm forward. This is also known as peristalsis.[11] The epithelial sodium channel ENaC is strongly expressed in smooth muscle cells of the vas deferens.[1] It has been suggested that ENaC functions as a mechanosensor in vascular smooth muscle cells that initiate pressure‐induced constriction known as the "myogenic response". Ion channels ENaC and CFTR, aquaporin of type AQP9 are localized on the apical border of the epithelia. Thus, these channels are involved concurrently in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance in the lumen of the vas deferens.[1]

The sperm are transferred from each vas deferens into the urethra, partially mixing with secretions from the male accessory sex glands such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and the bulbourethral glands, which form the bulk of semen.[12]

Clinical significance

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Damage to the vas deferens during inguinal hernia repair may cause infertility.[13]

Contraception

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A vasectomy is a method of contraception in which the vasa deferentia are permanently cut. In some cases, it can be reversed. A modern variation, vas-occlusive contraception, involves injecting an obstructive material into the ductus to block the flow of sperm.[14]

Disease

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The vas deferens may be obstructed, or it may be completely absent in a condition known as congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD, a potential feature of cystic fibrosis), causing male infertility. Acquired obstructions can occur due to infections. To treat these causes of male infertility, sperm can be harvested by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) or microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA).[15]

Uses in pharmacology and physiology

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The vas deferens has a dense sympathetic innervation,[16] making it a useful system for studying sympathetic nerve function and for studying drugs that modify neurotransmission.[7]

It has been used:

  • as a bioassay for the discovery of enkephalins, the endogenous opiates.[17]
  • to demonstrate quantal transmission from sympathetic nerve terminals.[18]
  • as the first direct measure of free Ca2+ concentration in a postganglionic nerve terminal.[19]
  • to develop an optical method for monitoring packeted transmission (similar to quantal transmission).[20]

Other animals

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Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm are carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans.[21] The vas deferens loops over the ureter in placental mammals, but not in marsupial mammals.[22][23]

In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species.[21]

In amniotes (mammals, birds, and reptiles), the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm.[21]

The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall.[21]

Additional images

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  • Male reproductive system.
    Male reproductive system.
  • Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciae. Viewed from behind.
    Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciae. Viewed from behind.
  • The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
    The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
  • The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal.
    The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal.
  • Fundus of the bladder with the vesiculae seminales.
    Fundus of the bladder with the vesiculae seminales.
  • Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
    Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
  • Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above.
    Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above.
  • Prostate
    Prostate
  • Microscopic cross section.
    Microscopic cross section.
  • Testis, spermatic vessels and vas deferens
    Testis, spermatic vessels and vas deferens
  • A deep dissection showing the vas deferens.
    A deep dissection showing the vas deferens.

See also

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This article uses anatomical terminology.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Sharma S, Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (February 2020). "High-resolution imaging of the actin cytoskeleton and epithelial sodium channel, CFTR, and aquaporin-9 localization in the vas deferens". Mol Reprod Dev. 87 (2): 305–319. doi:10.1002/mrd.23317. PMID 31950584.
  2. ^ Pozor, Malgorzata (2022). "Seminal Vesiculitis". Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: 825–833. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-91015-6.00067-4. ISBN 9780323910156. S2CID 245049526.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Susan Standring (Forty-second ed.). [New York]. 2021. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Gonzales, GF (December 2001). "Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility". Asian Journal of Andrology. 3 (4): 251–8. PMID 11753468.
  5. ^ Liu, Longfei (2019). "Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy of the Scrotum and its Contents". Scrotoscopic Surgery. Academic Press. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815008-5.00001-7. ISBN 978-0-12-815008-5. S2CID 81721236.
  6. ^ Public domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text in the public domain from page 615 of  the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
  7. ^ a b Burnstock, G; Verkhratsky, A (2010). "Vas deferens--a model used to establish sympathetic cotransmission". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 31 (3): 131–9. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.12.002. PMID 20074819.
  8. ^ Mirabella, Nicola; Squillacioti, Caterina; Varricchio, Ettore; Genovese, Angelo; Paino, Giuseppe (2003-05-01). "Innervation of vas deferens and accessory male genital glands in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): Neurochemical characteristics and relationships to the reproductive activity". Theriogenology. 59 (9): 1999–2016. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01260-8. ISSN 0093-691X. PMID 12600736 – via Elsevier.
  9. ^ Alm, Per (1982-07-01). "On the autonomic innervation of the human vas deferens". Brain Research Bulletin. 9 (1–6). Elsevier: 673–677. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90172-1. ISSN 0361-9230. PMID 6184134. S2CID 4761228.
  10. ^ Höfer, D.; Drenckhahn, D. (May 1996). "Cytoskeletal differences between stereocilia of the human sperm passageway and microvilli/stereocilia in other locations". The Anatomical Record. 245 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199605)245:1<57::AID-AR10>3.0.CO;2-8. ISSN 0003-276X. PMID 8731041. S2CID 7457415.
  11. ^ Berridge, Michael J. (2008). "Smooth muscle cell calcium activation mechanisms". The Journal of Physiology. 586 (21): 5047–5061. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160440. PMC 2652144. PMID 18787034.
  12. ^ Mann, T (1954). The Biochemistry of Semen. London: Methuen & Co; New York: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  13. ^ Schwartz's Principles of Surgery (11th ed.). 2019. p. 1620.
  14. ^ Cook, Lynley A; Van Vliet, Huib AAM; Lopez, Laureen M; Pun, Asha; Gallo, Maria F (2014). "Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (3): CD003991. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003991.pub4. PMC 7173716. PMID 24683020.
  15. ^ Schroeder-Printzen, I. (1 December 2000). "Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration: aspirate analysis and straws available after cryopreservation in patients with non-reconstructable obstructive azoospermia". Human Reproduction. 15 (12): 2531–2535. doi:10.1093/humrep/15.12.2531. PMID 11098022.
  16. ^ Sjöstrand, N.O. (1965). "The adrenergic innervation of the vas deferens and the accessory male genital organs". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 257: S1–82.
  17. ^ Hughes, J; Smith, T. W.; Kosterlitz, H. W.; Fothergill, L. A.; Morgan, B. A.; Morris, H. R. (1975). "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity". Nature. 258 (5536): 577–80. Bibcode:1975Natur.258..577H. doi:10.1038/258577a0. PMID 1207728. S2CID 95411.
  18. ^ Brock, J. A.; Cunnane, T. C. (1987). "Relationship between the nerve action potential and transmitter release from sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals". Nature. 326 (6113): 605–7. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..605B. doi:10.1038/326605a0. PMID 2882426. S2CID 4303337.
  19. ^ Brain, K. L.; Bennett, M. R. (1997). "Calcium in sympathetic varicosities of mouse vas deferens during facilitation, augmentation and autoinhibition". The Journal of Physiology. 502 (3): 521–36. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.521bj.x. PMC 1159525. PMID 9279805.
  20. ^ Brain, K. L.; Jackson, V. M.; Trout, S. J.; Cunnane, T. C. (2002). "Intermittent ATP release from nerve terminals elicits focal smooth muscle Ca2+ transients in mouse vas deferens". The Journal of Physiology. 541 (Pt 3): 849–62. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.019612. PMC 2290369. PMID 12068045.
  21. ^ a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 393–395. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
  22. ^ C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (2005). Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3.
  23. ^ Patricia J. Armati; Chris R. Dickman; Ian D. Hume (17 August 2006). Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45742-2.
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